Ernst Bloch in Ernst Bloch War

In the 1920s, Bloch had a certain reputation, and regularly contributed to famous Berlin newspapers (such as Die weltühne, Vossische Zeitung and Berliner Tageblatt). He wrote a lot of political and cultural comments, attacking the abstract life of capitalism in the later period, attacking the Weimar Republic and yearning for Soviet-style socialism. His early critical articles were included in the book Dulci Di Vast published in 1923. 1923, he greatly revised the book The Spirit of Utopia, and expressed his utopian philosophy more systematically. At this time, Bloch was already a mature Marxist. In the book review of Lukacs, we can see that he tried to combine his utopian philosophy with Marxism systematically. 1930 published prose collection "Spellen". Influenced by the Pearl Picking by German writer Heibei, this book adopts a new allegorical style, which is based on the explanation of bizarre experiences, short myths, legends and trivial matters in daily life. Similar to Adorno's Minimum Morality and Benjamin's One-way Street, Trace attempts to call people out of the distorted world through literature. The theme is that "the secret of the world" can be found. The secret of the world is that the world is "unfinished". Daydreams and fantasies in daily life contain "unconsciousness" and reveal the secret of the world.

For anti-fascist writers such as Bloch, it was unfortunate that Hitler came to power. In addition, he has Jewish descent, believes in productism and supports modernist art, so he can only flee abroad. 1933, Bloch left Germany for Zurich, where he married Carola, and published Erbschaft dieser Zeit the following year (1935). The legacy of this era is a rare book of social and cultural analysis. In the book, Bloch reviews the "golden twenties" with bitter irony, preliminarily analyzes the essence of fascism, and makes a pertinent evaluation of the new progress made in contemporary poetry, drama, art (modernist art), film, architecture, philosophy, music, popular culture, physics and politics.

Bloch never joined the German Production Party (KPD), and implied that the party's incompetent objectivism and failure to provide ideal goals should be partly responsible for the rise of German fascism. In the 1930s, he criticized some cold communism and separated bread from violin. He believes that fantasy, art and utopianism are indispensable "warm currents" of Marxism, which makes him incompatible with orthodox Marxism and leads the latter to regard him as a mysterious irrationalist. But strangely, politically, Bloch sang a hymn to Stalin's Soviet Union and summarized modern politics as "Hitler or Stalin?" This binary choice. Obviously, the Soviet Union is not a socialist society that is about to abolish the state and privileges, but a new empire that oppresses the people. Perhaps Bloch, like other western left-wing intellectuals, was blindfolded by Soviet propaganda and his wishful thinking? However, during the period of massive "cleansing" and slaughter in the Soviet Union, Bloch still supported Stalin and called those who doubted and wavered traitors. Based on the principle of hope, he still regards the Soviet Union as an ideal country. Sometimes, an intellectual is easily deceived by politics.

Fortunately, Bloch did not go to the Soviet Union, but fled to the United States, where at least he would not be washed away and could think freely. He stayed in America from 1938 to 1949. In that country far from war, he finished most of his works in the mature period of this masterpiece. He has never passed English fluently, and he has an antipathy to America. He believes that American culture is also full of fascism. In the anti-* * wave in the United States, Bloch had to go to the Immigration Bureau again and again to take the citizenship examination, and finally passed the oral examination of the US Constitution to become an American citizen. In the United States, although Bloch was very concerned about German affairs and wrote articles for anti-fascist journals, he was not very close to the exiled German intellectuals around thomas mann. Frankfurt College, which moved to America, didn't hire him. [This is due to Adorno's lack of dedication] He has no fixed source of livelihood and has to rely on his wife to support him. His wife started out as a waitress and later got a job in an architect's office. Books about hope were published in new york (1946) and East Berlin (1947) with the title Freiheit und Ordnung (abriss der Sozialutopien). His controversial research work on Hegel was published in Spanish in Mexico and Buenos Aires in 1949. This book is called Hegel's Thought.

Through Brecht, Bloch got in touch with the National Committee for the Establishment of a Free Germany initiated by the Third International, which enabled him to teach at the University of Leipzig after the restoration of peace. Since 19 18, Bloch has been looking forward to establishing a new Germany towards "Dong Fangzhiguang" (Soviet Union), and the democratic Germany established after World War II just "meets" his ideal. After returning to East Germany from 65438 to 0949, Bloch worked hopefully. In the lecture hall, he tried to revive Marxist philosophy and teach a group of excellent students, among whom Wolfgang Harich was one. At first, because he condemned American imperialism as a new form of fascism and believed that East Germany would play an important role in safeguarding world peace and preserving and developing German culture, he was almost regarded as a model to support the current regime. Although his wife is already party member, he did not join the Party, but tried to abide by the Party's principles. In 195 1, Bloch studies Hegel's German text as subject-object: Comment on Hegel (Subjekt-Objekt, Erl? Utrungen Zuhegel) was published in East Berlin. Stalinists denounced Hegel as "reactionary idealism". Bloch's book is tantamount to challenging this concept and has been widely criticized. 1952, Bloch published the monograph Avicenna: Avicenna and Kling, which gave a new explanation to the Marxist concept of matter. In the same year, he also published a comment on17th century German jurist kristian thomas's monograph kristian thomas: Einddeutscher Gelehrt er Ohne Misere, in which Bloch inherited the heritage of natural law from the standpoint of Marxism. Marx's works lack respect for natural law, and theoretically he should be responsible for his successors' trampling on individual human rights. Bloch, who has always been keen on utopia and fantasy, can pay attention to natural law, which shows that he has theoretical sensitivity and a sense of reality. 1954- 1955, the first two volumes of 1800 pages were published in East Berlin, and Bloch became a well-known philosopher in East Germany. He won the national medal and became an academician of the German Academy of Sciences.

The socialist countries in eastern Europe controlled by Moscow can't tolerate real ideas, and all arguments different from official philosophy may become suppressed reactionary ideas overnight. No matter how prominent an intellectual's reputation is, high-pressure ideological control is inevitable after all. Either he insisted on free thinking and became a heresy that was criticized or even physically eliminated, or he kowtowed and catered to the official style. Bloch is a humanist intellectual who has been thinking with his head all his life. It is impossible for him to live in peace with the rigid official philosophy for a long time.

In fact, the contradiction was soon exposed. Many people accused him of trying to turn the magazine he edited into a competitive position with orthodox Marxism, and his series of views were criticized. Someone labeled him idealism and mysticism. Since Stalin's inside story was revealed by Khrushchev in 1956, Bloch finally realized that the terrible situation of the Soviet Union was not a rumor made in the West.

After the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union, Bloch questioned that the Soviet Union was the only socialist model, and advocated that all countries should explore their own socialist road, abandon dogmatism and absolutism above the proletariat, and return to democratic centralism. He publicly declared that he wanted to carry out political and philosophical reforms on socialism in East Germany, and was immediately besieged on all sides. 1957, a group of his students were arrested, including Harich who supported Tito's anti-Stalinist autocracy. Although Bloch disapproved of Harich's plan to reform East Germany with "democratic humanism" and participated in counter-revolutionary activities, he fortunately escaped. Harich was sentenced to ten years in prison for conspiring with the West, while Bloch was ordered to retire and stop teaching. Walter ulbricht, the leader of the Party, defined Bloch as: he overemphasized subjectivity, and his utopian philosophy ignored the specific class struggle and idealized the pursuit of "distant goals". From 65438 to 0957, at the official instigation, a pamphlet criticizing Bloch was published: Ernst Bloch's Revision of Marxism.

As a revisionist, Bloch was deprived of the right to participate in academic life and was isolated, so he could only communicate with his friends in private. However, his works were published, and the third volume was published in East Berlin 1959, but the print run was not much. 1960, his book about menzel was reprinted.