Answering skills for high school geography college entrance examination

Universal geographical formula ☆ How to describe terrain characteristics: 1. Terrain type (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc.) 2. Terrain relief 3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions) 4 .(In the profile) Important topographic profile features ☆ Factors affecting temperature: 1. Latitude (determining factor): affects solar height, day length, solar radiation, daily temperature range, annual temperature range (daily, annual temperature range in low latitude areas) The annual range is smaller than that of high latitudes) 2. Topography (height, terrain): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, valleys, and basins at different altitudes (for example: valley basin terrain heat is not easy to dissipate, and tall terrain blocks winter winds , the daily range and annual range of mountains at the same latitude are smaller than those of plains, etc.) 3. Sea and land location: the strength of oceanicity causes changes in annual temperature range 4. Ocean currents (warm current: warming and humidification; cold current: cooling and humidification) 5. Weather conditions (the daily and annual temperature ranges in places with lots of clouds and rain are smaller than those in places with less clouds and rain) 6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high reflectivity of ice and snow, low temperatures); the daily and annual temperature ranges in green spaces are smaller than those on bare ground 7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc. ☆ Factors affecting precipitation: 1. Climate: Atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon) 2. Terrain: windward slope, leeward slope 3. Terrain (altitude): precipitation occurs at a certain level The height reaches the maximum value 4. Sea and land location (far and near from the sea) 5. Ocean currents (warm currents: warming and humidification; cold currents: cooling and humidification) 6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers, vegetation coverage 7. Human activities; changes The surface affects precipitation☆Describe the hydrological characteristics of the river: 1. Flow: size, seasonal changes, and whether there is a break (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply, and river area size) 2. Sand content: depends on the vegetation status of the basin 3 .Ice period: presence or absence, length 4. Water level: height, changing characteristics (depending on river supply type, water conservancy project, lake regulation and storage function) 5. Water energy: related to topography (river head height, flow speed), climate ( The amount of precipitation, the amount of runoff, the amount of evaporation) are related☆Describe the water system characteristics of the river: 1. Length 2. Flow direction 3. Basin area 4. Drop size (water energy) 5. River straightness 6. Branches How many 7. Arrangement shape of river tributaries (fan-shaped, dendritic) ☆ Factors affecting solar radiation: 1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and day length) 2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation) 2. Temperature (the snow line on the sunny slope is higher than the shady slope; temperature changes at different latitudes, the altitude of the 0°C isotherm) ☆Influence on the vertical belt spectrum of the mountain Factors: 1 Latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum 2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be 3. Heat (i.e. sunny slope, shady slope): affects the same band spectrum Altitude ☆ Location factors that affect cities: "Natural factors" 1. Terrain (a. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, conducive to transportation connections, saving construction investment, and concentrated population; b. Cities in tropical areas are distributed on plateaus; c. Mountainous cities are distributed in river valleys and open lowlands) 2. Climate (warm in mid- and low-latitude areas, humid in coastal areas) 3. Rivers (water supply and transportation functions) 4. Resource conditions "Socioeconomic factors" 1. Transportation conditions 2. Political factors 3. Military factors 4. Religious factors 5. Scientific and technological factors 6. Tourism factors ☆ Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets: 1. Convenient transportation conditions (establishment principle: optimal transportation < ring road or urban edge, Along the highway＞) 2. Strong commodity production capacity, stable commodity source 3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: market optimization) ☆Principle for selecting transportation lines: "Natural aspects" 1. Terrain ( a. Flat: there are few restrictions on choices; b. Large undulations: if it is necessary to dig mountains, build caves, and build bridges, the project will be difficult. If it extends along the contour line, the mileage will be extended; c. Rapid rivers: unfavorable for shipping) 2. Geology ( a. Karst landform: prevent collapse and leakage; b. Geological instability: reinforce foundation and avoid faults) 3. Climate (a. Highways and railways: prevent heavy rain, floods, frozen soil, and mudslides; b. Water transportation and aviation: Prevent heavy fog and strong winds) 4. Land (occupy less cultivated land, especially fertile land) "Socioeconomic aspects" 1. Population (pass through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. as much as possible to benefit more people.

) 2. Mileage and operating time (try to build bridges and tunnels and shorten mileage to save operating time; take appropriate care of important economic points along the route. ) 3. Others (try to stay away from important Cultural relics and monuments, pay attention to ecological and environmental protection) ☆ Positive significance of transportation line construction: 1. Improve the local transportation network, making transportation convenient and accessible 2. Speed ??up the circulation of materials and promote local economic development 3. Politics: consolidate national defense, maintain stability, Promote regional prosperity☆Analysis of industrial location factors: 1. Geographical location 2. Resource factors: raw materials, fuel 3. Agricultural factors 4. Transportation factors (including transportation convenience and information network accessibility): Facilitate the exchange of materials, personnel, and information 5 . Market factors 6. Technological factors 7. Labor factors: labor price, quality 8. Historical factors 9. Policy factors: National and regional policy support 10*. Military factors: National defense and security needs 11*. Personal factors: Personal preferences and emotions ☆ Comprehensive economic improvement measures in industrial zones: 1. Adjust industrial layout, develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure balanced development of various industries, and promote diversification of economic structure 2. Adjust measures to local conditions and be reasonable Develop various resources 3. Eliminate pollution, renovate and beautify the environment; do a good job in regional planning and strengthen ecological construction 4. Develop transportation and improve transportation networks 5. Develop science and technology, improve production levels, and prosper the economy, society and geography 3 ☆ Analysis of agricultural location factors: " Natural factors" 1. Land: terrain, soil 2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night 3. Water source (irrigation water source): "Socioeconomic factors" 1. Market: 2. Transportation: 3. National policy 4. Labor force 5. Technology: the development of agricultural products preservation, refrigeration and other technologies 6. Industrial foundation ☆ Location conditions for port construction: "Natural conditions (determines the location of the port)" 1. Water conditions: The port is wide and the water is deep (contours are dense, which is conducive to berthing and berthing) Shore shelter) 2. Harbor construction conditions: stable land geology, flat terrain, appropriate slope (favorable for arranging construction land and port equipment) "Socioeconomic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of the port)" 1. Economic hinterland conditions: whether the economic hinterland is vast and accessible to tourists The size of cargo flow and the nature of the hinterland economy (the vastness of the economic hinterland affects the flow of passengers and cargo; the flow of passengers and cargo affects the rise and fall of the port; the nature of the hinterland economy determines the nature of the port (comprehensive port, professional port, etc.)) 2. Urban support (transportation Convenience; provide human, material and financial support for the port) 3. Policy conditions: Build a free trade port in an area open to the outside world☆Evaluate the shipping value of the river: "Natural conditions" 1. Terrain: flat, flowing through plains, gentle water flow 2. Climate: The precipitation is abundant and even, the river flow is large, the seasonal changes are small, and the ice age is short. 3. River channel: wide, straight, and deep. "Socioeconomic conditions" The basin has a large population, developed economy, dense connections, and large transportation volume☆ River management principles and measures: ※Governance principles Upstream: Flood regulation Midstream: Flood diversion, flood storage Downstream: Flood release, water confinement ※Government measures Upstream: Reservoir construction, afforestation Midstream: Reservoir construction, flood diversion and flood storage projects Downstream: Reinforcement of levees, dredging of rivers, excavation River channel ☆ Causes of river floods: "Natural causes" 1. Water system characteristics (a. Wide basin, many tributaries; b. High sand content; c. Plain river channels are curved, slow and sluggish. ) 2. Hydrological characteristics (a. It flows through humid areas, with abundant precipitation; b. The main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water.) 3. Climatic characteristics (The climate was abnormal in that year, and heavy rains fell in the basin, causing flooding.) "Man-made causes 》1. Vegetation damage (a. Excessive felling, severe vegetation damage, intensified water and soil erosion, resulting in a reduction in the basin's ability to conserve water sources, regulate runoff, and reduce peaks and replenish droughts; b. Silt enters the river and siltation raises the river bed, reducing the river's flood discharge capacity. Decrease.) 2. Reincarnation of lakes for farmland (silt deposition causes lakes to shrink and their ability to regulate flood peaks decreases.

) ☆Analysis and solutions to the causes of water shortage in a certain area: ※Cause "natural causes" 1. Climate: less or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation, uneven seasonal distribution 2. Rivers: less surface runoff "man-made reasons" "1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture 2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate, serious pollution and waste ※Solutions 1. Open source: cross-basin water transfer, construction of reservoirs, and seawater desalination in coastal areas to improve water supply Ability 2. Saving money: Reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve water utilization in industry and agriculture, limit the development of energy-intensive water industries, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, and improve people's awareness of water conservation. Implement water price adjustment☆ Factors affecting the selection of reservoir dam sites: 1. The dam site is at the outlet of a river, canyon or basin or depression (pocket-shaped areas are conducive to dam construction: small project volume, low cost, and large reservoir area capacity) 2. Selection Places with good geological conditions should avoid karst landforms and faults. 3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water volume. 4. Consider whether resettlement is required to build a reservoir, the situation of land relocation, and minimize flooding of residential areas. ☆ Functions of reservoirs: 1. Regulate climate, Improve the ecological environment 2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture 3. Conducive to the development of tourism 4. Has a flood control effect 5. Has power generation value 6. Has an irrigation function 7. Improves shipping value ☆ Location conditions for the formation of salt fields: 1. Climate: temperature High, less precipitation, windy, strong sunshine: conducive to evaporation 2. Terrain: vast flat beaches, silty coasts ☆ Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds: 1. Terrain: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis, Rich in food) 2. Temperate sea areas: temperature changes greatly, sea water rises 3. Estuaries: rivers bring rich nutrient salts 4. Ocean currents: (converging currents or upwellings) sea water rises, bringing nutrient salts to the seafloor, Abundant food ☆ Location conditions for the location of the satellite launch base: "Natural conditions" 1. Meteorological conditions: Clear weather is required 2. Latitude: The linear speed of the earth's rotation 3. Terrain: flat and open "Human conditions" 1. Population: population per unit area Low density, vast land and sparsely populated areas 2. Transportation: Convenient transportation 3. Military: In line with national defense and security needs ☆ Site selection conditions for the tunnel: 1. Select an anticline (a. The anticline rock layer arches upward, and groundwater flows to both sides seepage, less prone to leakage problems; b. The anticline is a dome-shaped structure, not prone to landslides) ☆Location conditions for the location of the bus station: 1. Road conditions: The surrounding roads are wide 2. Connected with traffic inside and outside the city 3. The size of the project. ☆Location conditions for airport site selection: "Natural conditions" 1. Terrain: flat, open terrain with appropriate slopes to ensure drainage; 2. Geology: good geological conditions 3. Climate: less clouds and fog. "Socioeconomic conditions" 1. Transportation conditions: There are convenient transportation links with the city. 2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas. ☆The construction direction of the new socialist countryside: 1. Pay attention to the construction of ecological environment: increase greening, return farmland to forests and grasslands in a planned way, and improve the ecological environment 2. Control the population size and improve the quality of the population 3. Adjust the rural industrial structure and develop a variety of Rural economy (developing agricultural product processing industry, commercial agriculture, etc.), increasing investment in science and technology, and increasing farmers’ income