What is the origin and development of Zhuang nationality?

Zhuang is the largest ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, with a few in Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces. The name of Zhuang nationality comes from what some Zhuang people call "Buzhuang". In addition, there are more than 20 species that call themselves Bunong, Butu, Buyang, Banbu, Buyue, Buna, Nong 'an, Bupian, Tulao, Gaolan, Manzu, Budai, Bumin, Bulong and Immobile. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was collectively called Bo nationality. 1965 according to the proposal and with the approval of the State Council, the word "Tong" was changed to "Zhuang".

"Xi 'ou" and "Luo Yue" who lived in Lingnan area recorded in the historical records of the Han nationality in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties were the most direct ancestors of Zhuang nationality.

In the pre-Qin period, there was a nation called Baiyue, which was widely distributed in China from the south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the southeast coastal areas. Xi 'ou and Luojia, which are located in Guangdong and Guangxi today, are one of them. At that time, they were still in the development stage of clan and tribal society. In 22 1 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he sent Wei Tusui to lead a 500,000-strong army to March into Lingnan in five ways. In Yuechengling area, he met with strong resistance from Ou people. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Shi Lu to lead soldiers to open the mausoleum area and pay grain to transport soldiers. Since then, Qin Jun defeated the Xi 'ou people, unified the Lingnan area, and established Guilin, Nanhai and Xiangshan counties in Lingnan, formally bringing the area under the rule of the central dynasty.

According to archaeological data and historical records, Xi 'ou people and Luoyue people have used bronze and iron at this time and started to enter the civilized era. Especially the Ou people, under the leadership of the leader Yi, have been able to cope with hundreds of thousands of battles in several years by using the familiar jungles and mountains, forcing them to be puzzled for three years, which shows that the social organizations of the Ou people have been quite developed and can operate effectively, and have entered the era of tribal alliances or chiefdoms.

At that time, in order to ensure the military logistics supply of the southern expedition to Lingnan and defeat the resistance of the Ou people, Qin Shihuang also sent Lu Jian to build a "Lingqu" in northeast Guangxi to connect Hunan and Lishui. The construction of Lingqu greatly facilitates the traffic between the north and south of Wuling and is conducive to the economic and cultural development of Lingnan area. After the Qin Dynasty unified Lingnan, a large number of Han people moved to Lingnan and lived with the Yue people. Since then, the political, economic and cultural ties between Ou people and Yue people and the people of all ethnic groups in the mainland have become closer, which has played a positive role in the further development of Yue people's society in western Lingnan.

From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the indigenous people in Lingnan area (later Guangdong and Guangxi) were called "Wuhu", "Li", "Liao" or "",and they were descendants of Europe and Luoyue. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was war in the Central Plains and social unrest. Many wealthy families moved to Lingnan to avoid chaos, which promoted the development of feudalism in Lingnan. Influenced by it, Liao Li, a nobleman living in Lingnan, has always dominated the whole country, resulting in some "big surnames" that are "better than rural songs" in Lingnan indigenous ethnic society. Such as sorghum Hepu Xianshi, Qinzhou Hepu Ningshi, Guizhou Lishi, sorghum Huangshi, etc., are all famous indigenous surnames in Lingnan during this period. They have the wealth of "a land of thousands of miles, a land of more than ten thousand handmaiden, and a land of treasure". At the same time, there are a large number of poor and even "father and son are slaves for generations" ordinary workers in society.

First, the most popular surname in Gaoliang area since Qin and Han Dynasties. In the early years of Liang Datong in the Southern Dynasties, Mrs. Xian married and moved south.

Bao Feng and Gao Liang of the Han nationality are his wives, and he owns more than 654.38 million tribes. She was wise and resourceful since she was a child, and she was able to appease the people's hearts, and compiled a series of Baiyue and Han immigrants who moved south. In the Sui Dynasty, she was rewarded by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty and made a princess. Mrs. Xian has made great contributions to safeguarding national unity and local peace and is admired by future generations.

During the Tang and Five Dynasties, the ancestors of Zhuang nationality still called Li, Liao and Wu Hu (Wu Wu), but there were also ethnic names named after regions or ethnic names, such as Xiyuanman, Huangdongman, Nongdongman or Dongmang. After the Song Dynasty, there have been some new changes in Zhuang appellation, such as "collision", "spreading soil" and "natives". After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, humiliation was translated into "Yi", and some people called themselves Zhuang, Nong, Lang, Tu and Sha. These appellations were originally regional, but in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the appellation of "Zhuang" appeared widely in Guangxi and western Guangdong, and became the most common national appellation of Zhuang nationality. 1952 is unified as "pass" (strong voice). 1965 was rewritten as "Zhuang".

Internal and external struggles:

In history, the Zhuang people launched countless anti-feudal and anti-oppression uprisings in order to resist the dark rule of the central dynasty, local officials and floating officials. Among them are the uprising led by Yao, Pan Changan and Huang in Xiyuanfu (Zuojiang Valley) in the Tang Dynasty, the "Southern Heaven" uprising led by the leader of Guangyuan Prefecture in the Song Dynasty, the uprising of soldiers in Yizhou (Yishan and Nandan) in the Song Dynasty, and the peasant uprising in Fushuifu (Huanjiang County). ) and Gutian County (Yongfu County, etc. The Ming Dynasty was led by Zhuang farmer Wei.

Together with the people of all ethnic groups, the Zhuang people have repeatedly resisted the armed aggression of feudal rulers and Japanese pirates and shouldered the heavy responsibility of defending the sacred territory of the motherland's frontier.

1 1 At the beginning of the century, Jiaodi (now Vietnam) gradually became stronger under the rule of the Li Dynasty.

Nong Gaozhi

Get up, carry out the policy of foreign expansion, take advantage of the opportunity that the Northern Song Dynasty was too busy fighting against Liao and Xixia in the north to take care of the South, get rid of the control of the Song Dynasty, and frequently invade and plunder the surrounding areas of Jiangnong Cave and Huangdong Cave and the coastal areas of Qin and Lian. In the eighth year of Xining (1075), Li Gande, the king of Jiaodi, ordered his assistant Qiu to lead a large-scale invasion of Guangxi with 65,438+10,000 troops. Qinzhou and Lianzhou were captured by waterways, and Yongping and Taiping villages were even trapped by land and roads. In December of the lunar calendar, soldiers invaded Tanzhou City (now Nanning City). The local soldiers and Han soldiers of all ethnic groups in Suzhou, Yongzhou, entered the city to defend the enemy, but because they were outnumbered, they held on for 42 days and the city was broken. At that time, able-bodied men and Zhuang and Yao people in the streams around Guangxi rose in succession to stop the toe-crossing invaders and cut off the back road. Soon, Song reinforcements arrived. With the joint efforts of officers and men, soldiers and the strong and strong people of all ethnic groups, they finally defeated the aggressors and successfully defended the territorial integrity of the motherland.

During Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Japanese invaders invaded the southeast coast of China, which seriously threatened the security of the southeast coast. The Ming government recruited "gendarmerie" to resist the enemy. The "Gendarmerie", led by Wa Shi, the wife of the late local official Cenmeng in Tianzhou Prefecture, Guangxi, went to the southeast coast to fight against the Japanese invaders. In April of the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1558), the Wa "Gendarmerie" cooperated with the "local soldiers" of Yongshun and Baojing in Hunan Province (composed of Tujia and Miao people) and wiped out more than 3,000 Japanese troops in one fell swoop in the famous battle of Wang (now north of Jiaxing County, Zhejiang Province), achieving the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. After that, Wabing made great achievements in battles such as Lujingba. People in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces highly praised the anti-Japanese spirit of the Huawa soldiers and widely praised that "the Huawa family can kill the Japanese". Mrs. Walsh is worthy of being a heroine in the history of the Zhuang nationality who fought against foreign aggression, and she is still praised by the Zhuang people today.

After modern times, faced with the aggression of capitalist imperialism and the corrupt rule of domestic reactionary ruling groups, the Zhuang people, together with people of other ethnic groups, embarked on the road of resisting oppression and striving for liberation.

185 1 year, in Jintian, Guiping, where Zhuang, Han and Yao lived together, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution shocked China and foreign countries. There were thousands of Zhuang people who participated in jintian uprising at that time, accounting for about a quarter of the total number of Taiping Army at that time. After the Taiping Army left Guangxi for the north, many brave men went north with the army, forming the basic backbone of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Taiping Army, and some even became important leaders. Liu Lu, the first leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom who was later crowned king of the world, was a Zhuang nationality in Gaokengchong, Zijingshan, Guiping. Wei Changhui, the northern king, is also a Zhuang nationality in Guiping County. Xiao Chaogui, the Queen Mother of the West, was a former general during the Northern Expedition. She made many meritorious military deeds and died heroically in Changsha, wuxuan county Zhuang people.

He led the army to the northern expedition and arrived in Tianjin. The striker advanced on Beijing. Li and He are Zhuang people in Wuming County. Meng De 'en, the commander-in-chief of China's army in the later period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution, was a Zhuang in Pingnan County. Tan Shaoguang, who conquered Suzhou and annihilated Gordon's "Chang", was from Xiangzhou Zhuang nationality. Zhuang revolutionary generals and officers and men played an important role in the revolutionary battle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Especially Zhuang women, like men, fought in the north and south, risking their lives, "wrapping their heads barefoot, climbing rock valleys, being braver than men, and taking up arms when they get cold feet", which dealt a heavy blow to corrupt officials.

After the Taiping Army went north, peasant uprisings in Zhuang area surged, one after another, burning more and more vigorously. Among them, the large-scale peasant movement in big cities and counties led by Chen Kai and Li; The peasant uprising in Guigang led by Huang (Zhuang); The peasant uprising in Shanglin County led by Li Jingui (Zhuang nationality); Li Wencai (also known as Li Qi, Zhuang) led the peasant uprising in Yongchun County, and Wu Lingyun led the "Yanling Army" uprising to fight in the Zuojiang River Basin. They echoed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from a distance, cooperated with each other and jointly attacked the enemy, which wrote a glorious page in the modern history of our country.

65438+ In the 1970s and 1980s, after French imperialism violently invaded southern Vietnam, it also invaded northern Vietnam and southwestern China on a large scale, and the people of China were forced to rise up to defend their motherland and support the Vietnamese people. The "Black Flag Army" with Liu Yongfu (Zhuang nationality in Shangsi County, Guangxi) as the commander-in-chief took the lead. The Black Flag Army was established and developed in Zhuang areas, and its main force was the rest of the peasant uprising led by Wu Lingyun and Wu Yazhong.

More than 20 generals, including former battalion commander Huang Shouzhong and left battalion commander Wu Fengdian, are Zhuang people in Shangsi and Ningming areas of Guangxi. When the French invaders invaded Hanoi and tried to advance along the Red River to the border of China, the Black Flag Army, at the invitation of the Vietnamese government, fought back against the invaders together with the Vietnamese soldiers and civilians, making the invading army terrified. Tang, a witness to the war at that time, wrote in his diary of the volunteers: "Hanoi city was captured and the night was full of self-destruction, exclaiming that the black flag had arrived and the enemy's courage had fallen." The great achievements of the Black Flag Army in resisting legal aid and defending the country will never be erased.

1In February, 885, under the command of negri, the French army attacked the south gate of Nandamen Town, China, blew up the city wall, and arrogantly inserted a sign that read: "It is not the stone wall that defends the border, but the implementation of the treaty." Claiming that the gateway to China no longer exists, only signing a surrender treaty is the way out. However, the Zhuang and Han people in the border areas have dealt a head-on blow to the arrogance of the enemy. They spontaneously organized themselves to bravely resist the French invaders and vowed that "we will rebuild our portal with the heads of the French aggressors". When Feng Zicai, the patriotic general of Qing Dynasty, led the troops to fight back, the Zhuang and Han people actively supported him, and finally achieved the world-famous "great victory in towns and towns". Zhuang Nong was generous enough to lead Feng Zicai, personally led the death squads, brandished broadswords and spears, and killed hundreds of enemies. His heroic deeds are still celebrated by the Zhuang people in the border areas.