Related cases of oasis agriculture

The natural geographical conditions of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province include resource advantages such as water, soil, light, and heat, as well as disadvantages such as high cold, drought, saline-alkali, and sandstorms. In the natural state, the ecosystem is often in imbalance, and it is difficult for water, soil, light, and heat to effectively combine with each other. As a result, the natural ecology is fragile, the vegetation is sparse, the utilization of light energy is poor, and the biological yield is low. Material circulation, energy flow, and information transmission are difficult to achieve. They are all at a low level and are an inefficient ecosystem. With the gradual warming of the global climate and the intensification of drought, the ecological environment of the basin is deteriorating day by day. In this regard, it is necessary to implement both protection and construction. While protecting the existing sandy vegetation, we should take active construction engineering measures and biological measures, and implement modern agricultural technology through the construction of water conservancy projects, land projects, biological projects, and agricultural system projects. . Scientifically and rationally utilize water, soil, light and heat resources to build oasis agriculture. Within oasis agriculture, the structure of agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry should be optimized. On the basis of ensuring grain fields, the proportion of forest and grass should be increased, and the construction of artificial irrigation forest and grass should be strengthened to build a "tree, shrub, and grass" and "belt, net, and patch" phase. The combined green barrier effectively prevents and reverses the desertification trend in the basin, fundamentally improving the ecological environment of the basin.

In the utilization of water resources, surface water is mainly used, and groundwater is moderately exploited to meet the production and domestic water use in the project development area and surrounding areas. In this way, it can not only prevent the rise of groundwater levels, but also avoid over-exploitation of groundwater, which would cause abnormal changes in groundwater levels and adversely affect the ecological environment in the surrounding areas of the project area. According to the current situation of the soil, we adhere to the principle of "farming is suitable for agriculture, grass is suitable for grass, and forest is suitable for forests", and the organic combination and rational layout of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry are implemented. Vigorous efforts were made to create windbreak and sand-fixing forest belts mainly composed of shrubs on the edge of the project area, with 19,991 hectares of sand closures and afforestation and grass cultivation, and 819.7 hectares of windbreak and sand-fixing forests; within the project area, 1,203.6 hectares of farmland protection forests, mainly trees, were built; 839 hectares of economic forests, firewood forests, surrounding trees and nurseries will be created, and 2519.43 hectares of grass will be planted; the original tamarisk and other vegetation in the project area will be retained. In agricultural and animal husbandry production, strengthen the protection of the environment, adopt water-saving irrigation, rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, livestock housing and other technical measures, promote agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry technological achievements, and provide a good ecological environment for the sustainable development of oasis agriculture .

Soil salinization is an ecological and environmental problem that occurs during the development of agricultural resources in the Qaidam Basin. It is also an important issue that restricts the sustainable use of land resources. In the project design, we drew on the experience of "mainly drainage and combining drainage and irrigation", and adopted measures to combine open ditch drainage and shaft drainage and irrigation, which not only extracts groundwater to supplement the shortage of surface water sources, but also controls the groundwater to be below the critical depth (3 -6m) to prevent and control the occurrence of secondary soil salinization. At the same time, during the implementation of the project, development and construction will be strictly carried out in accordance with the sequence of water, forest, and field, and multiple approaches will be adopted to solve the fuel problem of the immigrants and prevent the damage to the vegetation caused by the immigrants' wood harvesting. Extensively publicize and conscientiously implement national laws and regulations on land, water conservancy, forests, grasslands, wildlife and environmental protection, enhance legal awareness and environmental awareness, and protect the ecological environment of the project area in accordance with the law. Turpan is surrounded by mountains, and the terrain is low-lying and blocked. The cold air carrying water vapor from the north to the south is difficult to form precipitation after crossing the mountains and entering the basin. Therefore, the average annual precipitation in Turpan is only 10-50mm. Toksun County in Turpan has six The precipitation in years above Cheng is less than 5mm. The annual evaporation capacity of the entire Turpan area is as high as more than 3000mm, and the relative air humidity is only 30-40 all year round. It is an extremely arid area.

Turpan’s unique terrain. To the north of Turpan is Bogda Peak, the highest peak of the East Tianshan Mountains, with an altitude of 5445m. It is covered by ice and snow all year round. Mountain precipitation, permanent snow and glaciers are the supply area of ??the basin's water source. This precious water continuously flows to farmland through the karez well. .

Turpan’s agriculture has the characteristics of typical oasis irrigation agriculture. The world-famous Qanat is a concentrated expression of the intelligence of Turpan people.

The karez connects water from different water sources and transports it to oases of all sizes. With water, the desert becomes farmland, which has a completely different scene from outside the oasis. Outside the oasis is a desert scenery with very little vegetation, while inside the oasis The running water trickles and the trees form shades. "The Gobi beaches turn into fertile fields, and the snow melts to irrigate the farms." This is a portrayal of oasis irrigated agriculture.

The oasis agriculture in the Turpan Basin is distributed according to Turpan’s unique climatic conditions. Due to the low-lying and blocked terrain, with Gobi and sand dunes on the ground, the oasis area is small, radiation heats up rapidly, and the heat accumulation effect of the basin prevents heat from spreading outwards. Therefore, spring starts early and the temperature rises quickly. From June to August, the average monthly temperature All are above 30℃, making it the hottest place in China in summer. The frost-free period when the daily minimum temperature is greater than 0℃ is 193-224 days, and the accumulated temperature is ≥10℃ 4500-5400℃. Such climatic conditions determine that the Turpan Basin has unique advantages for growing cotton. The temperature rises quickly in the early stages of cotton growth, is high in the middle stage, and cools slowly in the later stage without rainy days. The average sunshine is 9.5-10.2 hours a day, which is extremely beneficial to cotton growth and fiber formation. It is the most suitable cotton planting area in Xinjiang and even the country. The long-staple cotton here is unique in cotton production. In general, the bloom before frost can reach more than 80%. The length, strength and fineness of cotton fiber all meet or exceed the national standards. Turpan’s grapes are a gift from Turpan’s climate. The grapes abundant in the Turpan Basin are outstanding in the country for being seedless, thin-skinned, rich in sugar, and of good quality. Naturally dried high-quality raisins are a "patented" product of the Turpan people. They are known for their sweet taste, full grains, green color, and high quality. Excellent and well-known at home and abroad.

As the saying goes, "Spring comes early in the south of the Yangtze River", and spring in Turpan comes almost as early as in the south of the Yangtze River. In mid-February every year, spring enters Turpan, which is the earliest place in Xinjiang to start spring. Taking advantage of the climate characteristics of early spring and rapid temperature rise, Turpan vigorously develops early spring vegetables. Early spring vegetables have not only become a new highlight of irrigated agriculture in the Turpan Basin, but also become another advantageous industry in Turpan in addition to grapes and long-staple cotton.

To protect the oasis, it is the belief of Turpan people to cherish every drop of water. Turpan people diverted winter idle water and water left over from agricultural irrigation into the sandy area, planted grass and trees, and erected a green barrier. With the protection of the forest belt, the wind speed in the oasis farmland is 20.1 times lower on average than in the wilderness outside the forest belt. The wind protection efficiency against strong winds above level 8 can reach 50-60 degrees, and the summer temperature is reduced by 0.1-2.0℃. Since the forest belt reduces wind speed and weakens the turbulent exchange near the ground layer, farmland soil evaporation and crop transpiration can be reduced by 43-51%, and the relative air humidity is increased by 4-12%. Strong winds above level 8 basically do not constitute a disaster. The rolling yellow sand of the past has now been replaced by undulating green waves. The layers of forest belts are like green Great Walls protecting the oasis farmland. In this land with little precipitation, it is suitable for the growth of economic crops that love temperature, light and drought with a long growing season. This area has become a development area for characteristic cash crops and horticultural crops in Xinjiang and even across the country.