The royal family is empty, and the samurai is in power! Why did this happen in ancient Japan?

Anyone who knows Japanese history will know that compared with other East Asian countries, ancient Japan has an important feature: the people and the army existed, and the royal family was penniless. Here? Volkswagen? Refers to the royal family and nobles, which have existed in Japan for a long time in history, but have no real power; Japan's real secular power exists in the famous? Wu? Tadashi's home

Public? With what? Home? In the history of Japan, the relationship between Japan and China has always been an important topic of China's study. As a bystander of China's cultural background, first of all, in ancient Japan, this system was usually chaotic, because in East Asia, the formal political system was the China-Qin system? Unified feudal monarchy. China is like this, North Korea and Vietnam are like this, so-called where? Classroom? . So, what is the situation in Japan and what has it evolved into? Volkswagen? And then what? Family? * * * Unique circumstances?

It is necessary to know the national conditions of Japan.

Where did modern civilization originate? Yayoi period? (300 BC-250 AD). During this period, Japanese immigrants from East Asia, Chinese mainland and the Korean Peninsula conquered and merged these islands. Japanese? Rope man? (about 38,000 ~? 65438+8000 years ago, Japanese aborigines brought advanced agriculture and other technologies and developed the civilization in the southern region.

Therefore, the western and southern parts of the Japanese archipelago (Kyushu Island,? North, Shikoku Island? Some small tribes and villages have gradually developed. These small gathering places were ruled by different nobles and formed different clan groups. In the late 3rd century, a relatively large tribe in Feng Jingen (known as? Japan? ) After a long period of expansion, China was gradually conquered. In most parts of Japan, by the end of the 5th century, this force was in Japan. Spain has established a recognized hegemony. Is this regime called by the Japanese themselves? Japan? What is Japanese homonym? Harmony? )。

Up to now, the historical evolution of Japan is relatively common, which is similar to the formation process of other national civilizations: different clans are formed, then different clan alliances are formed, and finally the leader of the alliance is elected. The process of Xia, Shang and Zhou is basically the same.

At this time, the leader (in Japan, known as? King? , later renamed as? The emperor? ) the most important role is the coordinator between tribes, unlike the feudal emperor who had complete power. The Japanese royal family and some intellectuals are very dissatisfied with this loose situation in Japan, especially some? Tang Shi? In the Tang Dynasty, I saw Binbin. China, through its cultural relics, deeply realized the unified feudal system. In June 645, the radical Japanese royal family in China assassinated some of the leaders of the noble families and strengthened their control over the political power. Emperor Kotoku promulgated reform decrees and carried out political reforms. Is this the so-called? Reform? .

The significance of this to Japan is almost equal to that of the establishment of the Qin Dynasty to China. Japan has finally become a formal feudal country, and the royal family has absolute authority. In order to deify the royal family, Japan constantly creates myths and legends to increase the mystery of the royal family. So there have also been some grotesque works, such as Antiquities and Japan? Ancient history.

Since then, Japan has made some reforms to the centralized system by imitating the system of the Tang Dynasty. If we continue to follow the road of China, the historical process after Japan will be the same as that of China: feudal dynasties one after another. In fact, however, similar roads in China and Japan ended. Since then, Japan has embarked on a completely different road from other East Asian countries.

This is related to Japan's special national conditions. Where is Japan? Reform? The feudal reform that followed really made this country prosperous. However, not all reforms were effective, and Japan failed in military reform.

What should the army of the formal feudal regime look like? Of course, this is a standing army controlled by the royal family, which is the same as the original reform concept. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Japanese government announced that it had the right to recruit all people except nobles to join China and the army, and the Emperor could recruit them to be stationed in different places for war (these people were called? Defend the people? )。 However, many young people are reluctant to leave their hometown. Many Japanese poems, an ancient collection of poems, reflect women's sad mood for their husbands and sons to leave their hometown to defend their motherland.

Be on guard, leave home at dawn; Hand in hand to say goodbye, crying a-mei's heart is "Ye Wanji"

Of course, China's poetry clock also has such a good sentence:? A glass of wine is worth a thousand miles? . However, the feudal regime in China has a strong ability to control these people; However, Japan is different. Japan has a great feature: the region is scattered, the mountains and rivers in Japan are extremely complicated, and a few plains are divided by mountains and rivers, so the transportation is inconvenient. The strength of the core plate (usually the western plain in the early days) is limited, which greatly limits the degree of centralization in China. As a result, the Japanese soldiers were exiled and the court could not control them.

Japan's terrain is very complex, and it was impossible to form a unified country in ancient times.

Obviously, this? The conscription system has failed, so how to solve this problem? Only local people can be recruited as soldiers, like this? Local army? They can maintain law and order in their hometown; In the early period of Heian (from the end of the 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century), Japan prepared to expand northward (northern Japan was once occupied by Japan? Shrimp? what's up Shrimp? Now only scattered in Hokkaido, known as? Shrimp? . The emperor was forced to seek help from the local aristocratic family. Haozu used their strength to fight for the royal family and soon conquered Japan and most parts of North China.

Local army? Later, a group was formed and mastered the land resources, so it became the de facto ruler of the local area; The children of aristocratic families, haozu, fought for the royal family and took control of Japan after the war. Many places in the north are guarded by lords? Manor? But what about the lords? They will also get some land as a reward, so the land will be subcontracted at the first level, and what about these? Martial arts everyone? Actually became a feudal Lord. Therefore, the samurai did not originate in Kyoto, the ancient capital, but in Kanto, which was adjacent to Japan at that time.

Note: After the 8th century, Japan's manor system allowed cultivators to permanently own cultivated land, and they formed interest groups, forcing Wu to annex the manor. By the end of 12, manors were everywhere in Japan, and almost all manors became feudal lords. The internal feudal hierarchy was formed due to the contributions of layers, and gradually became the source of strength for local martial arts families. The picture shows the garden map of Nara Times Village in the 8th century in Tokyo National Museum of History and Folklore.

1 1 century, division? It has developed into a large-scale military organization. At this time, there was confusion between two families, Japan and Yuan Ping (these two families were actually descendants of different emperors). At that time, the rule was that all the scholars except the heirs were excluded from the royal family, and the land and the position of local officials were given to compete with each other constantly. Different Wushi groups are also attached to their two families for confrontation.

Due to the rise of military aristocrats represented by Bushido, the secular authority of traditional royal aristocrats has been greatly reduced (Bushido Group has mastered the land resources, manpower and actual control rights in many places, and it can no longer be restrained). In the long-term evolution of China? Scholar? Gradually, from dispersion to gathering, they gathered under the banner of the most powerful aristocrat in a region, forming a samurai group, which almost controlled most of Japan.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, the succession of the Japanese royal family caused controversy. Wu clique of different factions gathered in Kyoto, the capital, and a large-scale war broke out between Yuan Pinghe and finally won. At this time, the court is actually attached to? Genji? Troops. In a.d. 1 192, Yuan Laichao was appointed by the emperor as? The general who conquered the barbarians? Originally, it was a temporary senior officer position set up by the Yamato court to fight against the Xiayi people who should have retired after the armistice. Since then, the shogun has served? Requisition the general? Official position. He founded the shogunate, in charge of the world's military and political affairs, marking the arrival of the martial arts era.

However, at this time, can't the royal family agree? Mascot? . Bureaucratic public officials can still use Guo Si and other official positions to exercise part of their power, which has a strong traditional influence. So? Public officials and martial arts? * * * and Japanese management.

There are some differences between the shogunate regime and the feudal dynasty in China: although the general is actually the supreme ruler, he can't keep his word like the emperor. ? General? Actually similar to? The boss of the Wu family? , that is, the most powerful leader of the oh group, everyone only listens to him. /kloc-At the end of 0/3, Mongolia attacked Japan, and Japan suffered heavy losses. However, the shogunate did not reward Wu Group for resisting Mongolian aggression. The rule of the shogunate in Kamakura gradually declined, and its authority was greatly reduced.

At the same time, China's royal family was dissatisfied with Wu's autocratic power, and the forces trying to restore the authority of the emperor took the opportunity to overthrow the shogunate in the Kamakura era. After a period of confusion, new? Leadership? Published in 333,541338. The new emperor appointed Ashikaga Zunshi as a general and established a new shogunate in Kyoto, namely shogunate and Muromachi. However, the gods who tried to restore the imperial power were dissatisfied with this and went to Kyoto, south of Yoshino, claiming to be orthodox Christians, and Japan was thus formed? Southern and Northern Dynasties? . 1392, the north annexed the southern dynasties? Shogun general? Continue to be Wu? The actual leader of the unified regime?

Muromachi and shogunate have insufficient authority. Because they didn't get enough wealth and prestige, the other Wu family started to go their own way on their own turf. Japan is in chaos. Some people who were initially protected by the shogunate were gradually usurped by guardians (assistant officials), retainers and China people, and were called? Xiake? . /kloc-in the middle of the 0/5th century, there was a conflict about the inheritance rights of generals. The conflict between the Ashikaga family and the local Wu family intensified again, and they fought each other in the melee. Is this famous in Japanese history? Renluan? After more than ten years of war, Kyoto is in ruins. The shogunate also became a skeleton (Muromachi and shogunate were completely destroyed in 1573).

As a result, Japan was in chaos 100. During this period, Japan has no right to nominally control the whole country. Hundreds of local martial arts scholars are all over Japan, fighting with each other. Japan called it the Warring States Period.

What about the royal family? The royal family was preserved in Kyoto, but the situation was so severe that even food could not be eaten, and the secular authority almost completely declined.