Establish a lunar base

Lunar base refers to the living and working area established by human beings on the moon. The main purposes of establishing a base on the moon are: to better carry out scientific activities such as astronomical observation; Establish a space power station on the moon for the use of the earth; Develop various mineral resources of the moon; Provide a foothold for human beings to explore further goals; Providing building materials and even propellants for spacecraft flying to more distant planets; In the further future, man will move to the moon. It is already expensive to send a spaceship to the moon, and it is even more expensive to build a lunar base. So far, the lunar base is still in the general discussion stage.

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Mendel plan

Situation of each country: India studies the first lunar base.

China will realize the moon base in three years.

Four astronauts from the future moon base in the United States can stay for half a year.

Ultimate goal: Four astronauts will stay on the moon for half a year.

Energy can be provided by nuclear reactors.

NASA hopes to design a pressurized lunar rover.

The residence and lunar rover will wear "spacesuits"

This huge hexapod robot can carry the entire astronaut's residence.

There are still uncertainties in future exploration.

Even without water, the moon base will be built.

Even if there is water, how to use it is difficult.

The idea that the future moon base can be built in a cave.

Mendel plan

Situation of each country: India studies the first lunar base.

China will realize the moon base in three years.

Four astronauts from the future moon base in the United States can stay for half a year.

Ultimate goal: Four astronauts will stay on the moon for half a year.

Energy can be provided by nuclear reactors.

NASA hopes to design a pressurized lunar rover.

The residence and lunar rover will wear "spacesuits"

This huge hexapod robot can carry the entire astronaut's residence.

There are still uncertainties in future exploration.

Even without water, the moon base will be built.

Even if there is water, how to use it is difficult.

In the future, the moon base can be built into a "cave"

Expand the idea of editing this paragraph

Building a lunar base, just like building a space city, is an incredible miracle for ordinary people. But this magical thing has long been clearly placed in front of scientists, who have not only explored it for a long time, but also are preparing for concrete implementation. The United States was the first country to decide to establish a lunar base. It is reported that the United States has decided to spend $654.38+000 billion to build a temporary lunar space city. This lunar base

A plan will be implemented in stages. Initially, temporary bases were established, and the number gradually increased from a dozen to dozens. They will conduct mineral mining and smelting experiments on the moon and prepare for the construction of a permanent base. In 2007, small and medium-sized permanent bases were built, and the number of people increased to more than 100, gradually forming a complete production system from mining, smelting to transportation. Finally, a moon city with a capacity of 1000 people will be built on the moon. All kinds of production, living and entertainment facilities are becoming more and more complete, and materials are more than self-sufficient, and they can also "export" the earth. The blueprint of this lunar base in the United States covers an area of 8,000 square meters. It is a circular three-story building with a diameter of 64 meters and a height of 4.5 meters. The roof is a concrete structure, covered with lunar soil, with a thickness of 0.7 ~ 2.5 meters. The wall is divided into two parts, the outer wall has six layers, with a thickness of 1.4m, the inner wall has a thickness of 2.5m, and the moon soil with a thickness of 0.7m is sandwiched between the inner wall and the outer wall, which is mainly used to prevent the impact of cosmic rays, solar wind and meteorites. In addition, there is a circular bomb shelter in the middle of the building. Once the building is damaged and the atmosphere leaks, people can take refuge in it. At the same time, Japan, led by the Institute of Future Engineering, convened technical experts from universities, research institutes and more than 20 enterprises that can represent Japan's level, established the "Research Society for the Development of Lunar Base and Lunar Resources", and put forward the blueprint for the construction of the lunar base. This blueprint plan is implemented in five stages. The first stage, from the end of this century to the beginning of the next century, is mainly to investigate and explore the moon, take robots as the base, and draw a map of the moon resources. In the second stage, starting from 2004, a base with a diameter of 6m and a length of 1 1 m will be built, which can accommodate 6-8 people. People can work here for days to weeks irregularly. The third stage is from 20 10 to 2020. The base is expanded to accommodate 8-32 people, and protective devices are built to prevent strong sunlight radiation. Workers can work here continuously for 3- 12 months. In the fourth stage, from 2020 to 2030, the base will be further expanded, the number of personnel will be increased to 64- 125, and the residence time will be as long as 1-5 years, so as to gradually solve the problems of oxygen self-sufficiency and farm construction. In the fifth stage after 2030, the base will be completely self-sufficient and start energy production. Regular air routes will be opened between the moon and the earth, making the lunar base the first real space settlement established by human beings outside the earth. If human beings want to live normally on the surface of the moon, they can't live without essential fresh water and oxygen. There is neither water nor an empty moon base on the moon.

Gas. What should I do? Scientists found that the sand on the moon contains a lot of oxygen, so they put forward the idea of making fresh water and oxygen from the sand on the moon. The idea is to use a forklift to automatically dig the sand on the surface of the moon, select iron minerals containing oxygen from it, and then reduce the iron minerals containing oxygen with hydrogen to make fresh water. With water, electrify and electrolyze water to obtain oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen can be supplied to the residents of the base at any time after liquefied storage. Hydrogen originally used as reducing agent can be transported from the earth, and the hydrogen obtained by electrolysis of water can be recycled after the production starts. It is estimated that 190 tons of monthly sand contains 15 ~ 16 tons of oxygen-containing iron minerals, which can produce 1 ton of oxygen. In 1 year, it only needs to produce 1 ton of oxygen, which can maintain the survival needs of 10 people on the moon. Secondly, if human beings want to live in the self-sufficient system of the moon, they must also ensure food supply. Where does the food come from? In recent years, scientists have conducted a large number of biological experiments on the space station and cultivated more than 100 kinds of "space plants", including wheat, corn, oats, soybeans, tomatoes, radishes, cabbages, beets and so on. Moreover, it is proved that under the condition of weightlessness in space, plant seeds have higher germination rate, faster growth and earlier flowering or heading time in lunar soil. Scientists have also conducted experiments on some animals, proving that weightlessness will not affect the birth of new life. On the space station, fruit flies can mate, lay eggs and reproduce as on earth; Bees can build nests and queen bees can have children. The 60 quail eggs sent to the spacecraft can still hatch after returning to the ground. The fish eggs that have been put on hold for 59 days have all hatched successfully when they return to the ground. Mammals are no exception. The female mouse and the male mouse are kept in cages and sent into space, so they live together. After returning to the ground, the mother mouse was still pregnant and gave birth to the first generation of "space mice". Therefore, as long as a lunar agricultural and aquaculture base is established on the moon, the lunar base will serve the lunar people.

Food sources are fully guaranteed. The third is that the energy supply of the lunar base is even less of a problem. Because there is no wind and rain on the moon, it is cloudy and sunny, and there is sunshine all day long, and there is no atmospheric absorption. The radiation intensity of the sun is about 1.5 times that of the earth. Therefore, solar energy can be used for lighting, heating, heating and power generation on the moon. Of course, if necessary, a nuclear power plant can be built on the moon to ensure that the base has sufficient energy supply.

Edit this Mendel plan

In the early 1990s, Wendell Mendel, the director of Houston Space Center, mentioned the construction of the lunar base to the White House. Scientists believe that building a lunar base

The lunar base is extremely important to support the further large-scale development of space. On the island of santa catarina, Brazil, American scientists are conducting a closed simulation experiment similar to Biosphere 2, opening up a lunar base. The first phase of Mendel's plan starts from 1997, and satellites are launched first to select the best location for the base to survey. The second stage, starting in 2005, is the construction stage, which will transport infrastructure machinery such as lifting and excavation to the moon and harden the foundation with microwaves. The third stage is the assembly of parts. Three equilateral hexagons are formed by 2 1 giant pipes with a diameter of 6m and a length of 18m, and a huge circular cabin with a height of 18m is established by high-pressure inflation in the hexagons, and all personnel and equipment can be accommodated in the pipes or circular cabins. In the fourth stage, oxygen, aluminum, iron, titanium, silicon and other resources in the lunar rocks are exploited to produce domestic oxygen, metals, glass and other raw materials needed for the expansion of the lunar base. According to the fourth stage of Mendel's plan, Scientific Application International Company has done corresponding research, and the result is optimistic: a small experimental chemical plant with a weight of 1 ton can process 1 ton of lunar rock into oxygen, metal and glass within1year. Mendel's whole plan will cost hundreds of billions of dollars, and mankind must work hard 100 years to complete it.

Edit the country situation in this paragraph.

India studies the first lunar base

The Indian Space Research Organization announced that India is studying to find a piece of land of about 15 square kilometers on the moon in order to establish the country's first lunar base and prepare for space activities such as manned landing on the moon. Alex, director of the Satellite Center of the Indian Space Research Organization, told the press on the 2 nd that the lunar base should be relatively flat on the slope, with elevated terrain at one end, which can contact the sun; The base should also have a pit to store enough water; In addition, the base should also have enough shadow areas for people living on the moon in the future to "enjoy the cool" in hot weather. Alex said that the Indian Space Research Organization plans to launch the "Moon Ship 2" probe in 20 13. This unmanned probe will land at the selected lunar landing site and inspect the lunar base selected by scientists. In 2020, the Indian Space Research Organization will begin to establish a lunar base to prepare for India's first manned landing on the moon.

China will realize the moon base in three years.

According to China News, China will set up a laboratory in space and strive to establish a base on the moon in the future to explore lunar mineral deposits. China people go abroad. NASA hopes to design a pressurized lunar rover.

The first step in space-manned space flight will also be realized in three years. It is reported that the day before yesterday, scientists in China first revealed China's blueprint for entering outer space in the report of Science and Technology Week. Academician Ouyang Ziyuan, the chief scientist of China's lunar exploration project, said that their long-term goal is to establish a base on the moon, exploit mineral resources and serve mankind. Ouyang Ziyuan said that in theory, China has fully possessed the ability to explore the moon. He revealed: "The goal of China's lunar exploration program is to establish a lunar base and develop and utilize various rich resources on the moon, and China's first lunar exploration will begin with the launch of a lunar resource exploration satellite." The lunar exploration satellite will orbit around the moon, conduct integrated and comprehensive exploration of the moon, find out the rich energy and resources such as helium 3, iron, titanium and water ice on the moon, and find out the environment, landform, geological structure and physical field on the moon surface. Ouyang Ziyuan said that Helium 3 is an efficient, clean, safe and cheap fuel for nuclear fusion power generation, and it is abundant on the moon. According to preliminary estimation, the total amount of lunar soil resources can reach 1000 ~ 5 million tons, and the electricity generated by 8 tons of helium 3 can meet the annual electricity consumption of China, and100 tons of helium 3 can meet the global electricity demand for one year. Therefore, it is of great significance for China's future energy strategy to find out the storage and distribution of helium 3 on the moon by using the lunar resources satellite. Wang Zhuang, deputy chief designer of Shenzhou III, said that Chinese astronauts will fly into space before 2005. He introduced that at present, there are 12 candidate astronauts on standby in China. China has developed its own return capsule, spacesuit and other equipment. Among them, the cost of spacesuit alone is as high as "10 million yuan". China's space program is divided into three steps: to realize manned space flight; Establish a space laboratory; Establish a space station and realize docking with the International Space Station. As a longer-term project to land on other planets, experts plan to explore the lunar environment remotely first and choose a site for establishing a lunar base in the future.

Edit this paragraph of the future moon base in the United States

Four astronauts can stay for six months.

On July 30, 2009, Beijing time, the British magazine "New Scientist" recently announced some design schemes for the construction of a lunar base in NASA's future return to the moon. From June 5438 to February 2006, NASA announced the "Return to the Moon" program, the core goal of which is to establish a permanent base on the moon in 2024, and the South Pole of the moon is expected to become a station. After the completion of the lunar base, there will be a probe car and a living area, which can realize power supply and ensure the astronauts to stay on the moon for 180 days. The following is the design scheme of the future moon base in the United States published by New Scientist magazine:

Ultimate goal: Four astronauts will stay on the moon for half a year.

NASA has reviewed more than a dozen different designs for building human settlements on the moon. The ultimate goal of each design scheme is that the giant hexapod robot can camel the entire astronaut's residence.

All four astronauts can stay on the moon for 180 days without replenishment tasks. The base consists of hard cylindrical lunar modules, each of which will be placed on the top of the lunar lander and sent to the lunar surface. NASA envisages to build a fully functional astronaut residence by 2030, before which it will deliver supplies to the moon and carry out manned missions twice a year. But the lunar habitat depends on solar panels at least for the first few years. Part of the energy collected by solar panels will be stored to provide energy for the base when sunlight cannot be obtained.

Energy can be provided by nuclear reactors.

The long nights on the moon can be powered by nuclear reactors. If the residence is not in the polar regions, the longest night on the moon can last about 14 days. These reactors have a power of 40 kilowatts, which is enough for about 30 ordinary American families. The black panel above the reactor is a radiator, which can be used to discharge excess heat. In order to prevent astronauts from being injured by the reactor, these things are placed at a distance from all the places, surrounded by bags of lunar soil. Other designs require nuclear reactors to be buried under the moon.

NASA hopes to design a pressurized lunar rover.

In order to explore the surface of the moon, NASA hopes to design a pressurized lunar rover, which can be used as a mobile lunar residence. Astronauts can use it to explore the surface of the moon for several weeks without returning to base camp. If the supply stations are distributed along the road, these lunar rovers may be able to leave the base camp for hundreds of kilometers.

The residence and lunar rover will wear "spacesuits"

Sticky and fine lunar dust will destroy the protective layer, which may be a great health hazard. In order to solve this problem, NASA is considering putting "spacesuits" on residences and lunar rover to prevent dust from entering residences and lunar rover. These two "spacesuits" are used to equip the pressurized lunar rover. Astronauts enter the room from the back of this suit, and then use the lunar rover to explore the surface of the moon.

This huge hexapod robot can carry the entire astronaut's residence.

Lunar rover and bulldozer may not be the only devices that move on the surface of the moon. A giant hexapod robot named "Athlete" can walk the entire astronaut's residence with a camel. It crouched down and let the door of the residence cling to the ground.

There are still uncertainties in future exploration.

Shortly after President Bush announced the plan, NASA decided that the best way to achieve the goal of returning to the moon was to build a residence to ensure that four astronauts would stay for one time 180 days. President Obama supports the plan to return to the moon in early 2009, and these plans may change, because he has ordered the expansion of the scope of the review of NASA's human space flight plan. The review is expected to end at the end of August. The budget demand of NASA 20 10 will also change the schedule of returning to the moon. Matthew, deputy director of the lunar surface system project office of NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas? Matthew Leonard said: "The budget we received for returning humans to the moon cannot be maintained until 2020." Despite this, the bureau is still working hard to achieve this goal. It is planned to send the first astronauts to the moon in 20021year, and establish a residence on the moon by transporting goods to the moon and carrying out missions to the moon twice a year.

Even without water, the moon base will be built.

At 20091October 9 19: 33 Beijing time, NASA used a rocket and a small satellite to hit a permanent shadow area at the south pole of the moon twice in succession to verify whether there was water ice on the moon. But to everyone's disappointment, the impact did not send back real-time images as expected by NASA. Although NASA said that it has received the relevant data, it only takes a few weeks to process it, and the results will be announced in 65438+February; However, since we have not witnessed the real-time scene, people from the public to scientists have raised many questions about NASA. The reporter interviewed Mr. Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of China's lunar exploration project and academician of China Academy of Sciences.

Even if there is water in this paragraph, there are many problems in how to use it.

Is there water on the moon? Ouyang Ziyuan said that he hoped very much that there would be water on the moon, even a lot of water, but it probably didn't come true. As early as 1999, NASA scientists had directed the lunar probe to hit Shoemaker crater near the south pole of the moon-also in search of water, but failed to find it. According to the known data, the contents of water and ice in the lunar soil in the permanent shadow area on the moon are very small, even less than 1%, that is to say, one kilogram of lunar soil may only contain a few grams of water. How much water ice there is in the permanent shadow area is still unknown. Even if there is enough water ice, how to take it out and use it is an unimaginable problem in engineering technology-because it is necessary to heat the water ice from an opaque pit several kilometers deep at about -240℃ and then collect it for use. "It's impossible to make the machine run in such an extremely dark and cold environment as -240℃," Ouyang Ziyuan said. "Besides, the lunar soil has to be dug up and piled up. Also, what device is used for heating? How much energy does this process need to consume? How to solve the energy problem? How to solve the traffic problem? " Although the moon is full of helium-3, it will take at least 50 years to skillfully use helium-3 to obtain energy and realize power generation in controlled nuclear fusion. Only in this way can we talk about using helium 3 to obtain energy on the moon. So there is a lot of talk in the media now, saying that "finding water can build a lunar base, which can solve the drinking water and domestic water for astronauts and lunar base immigrants, and can also produce rocket fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in large quantities" and so on. Academician Ouyang thinks it is not established. "This is just speculation, which is inconsistent with the actual situation." "In fact, whether there is water on the moon or not, human beings will go to the moon to establish a base." Academician Ouyang said that as early as the 1990s, the United States proposed to return to the moon and establish a lunar base. At that time, it was not known whether there was water on the moon. "If there is water, you can take it at a low price, of course!" He said: "If there is no water, think of other ways. There is no water on the moon and it will not be an obstacle for human beings to establish a lunar base. " He specifically mentioned the still-working lunar reconnaissance orbiter LRO. In fact, LCROSS is only a satellite launched with LRO, which has more tasks: around the extremely low orbit only 50 kilometers from the surface of the moon, it helps NASA to survey and draw the most detailed topographic map, lock the landing site of manned landing on the moon and establish the candidate location of the lunar base, find available resources on the moon, detect the radiation environment of the lunar space and surface, and demonstrate new technologies, etc. Ouyang Ziyuan said: "These scientific exploration targets closely revolve around manned landing on the moon and establishing a lunar base. This is the highlight! "

Edit this paragraph, and the future moon base can be built into a "cave"

At the first World Moon Congress, Ouyang Ziyuan, academician of China Academy of Sciences and chief scientist of lunar exploration project, answered questions about building a lunar base in the future. Ouyang Ziyuan said that the lunar base should generally be implemented after manned landing on the moon, but now manned landing on the moon has not been clearly included in the national plan, and the lunar base is still in the stage of concept demonstration. He said that the manned lunar base can allow astronauts to stay for a short time and carry out related scientific research work. Looking forward to the future lunar base, he humorously suggested that the lunar base should learn from the construction experience of caves. He said that the temperature difference between day and night on the moon is very large, and it is very hot during the day, with the temperature as high as 100 degrees Celsius, and it is very cold at night, with the temperature as low as-100 degrees Celsius. Moreover, there is no air on the moon, and space radiation is very strong. He said that if a large cave is built on the mountain on the moon in the future, on the one hand, it can shield space radiation, on the other hand, it can provide more space, create an atmospheric environment similar to the earth in the cave, and realize the life support system for astronauts.