The longest railway in the world

Trans-siberian railway is the longest railway in the world at present, and it is the main railway line across Russia from east to west, with a total length of 9,332 kilometers.

Trans-Siberian Railway is the main railway line across Russia from east to west. It starts from Moscow and passes through Ryazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. With a total length of 9298.2 kilometers, it is the longest railway in the world at present. There are about 1000 freight and passenger trains running on this steel artery. West of Chelyabinsk, built in the middle of19th century; East 74 16 km, 189 1 completed, 19 16 opened to traffic.

All the double-track projects were completed in the 1930s. At present, except for the 3,000 kilometers between Karemskaya Station in the east of Chita and Darienshensk (formerly known as Iman) in the Far East, the rest are electrified. The western section of the whole line is larger than the eastern section, especially between omsk and Novosibirsk (627km long). It mainly transports coal, timber, ore, building materials, metals and grain, which has important economic and strategic significance.

From the16th century, Russia frantically expanded its territory in Asia and seized the whole Siberian region. This vast land area reaches120,000 square kilometers, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the land area in Asia. There are endless forests and grasslands, fertile soil and rich mineral resources, which are called "golden pits" by many people. However, because it is too far away from the European part of Russia, Siberia cannot be developed for hundreds of years. Due to its harsh natural conditions, from the end of 16, the czars of past dynasties used this place as an exile.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, Russia began to enter the period of industrialization. In order to develop the domestic economy, the tsar began to pay attention to Siberia. More importantly, at that time, great powers such as Britain, the United States and Japan were fiercely competing on the international stage in the Far East, making Siberia's strategic position prominent. In order to firmly occupy this land far away from Europe and implement Russia's "Far East Policy" of occupying Asia, the Tsar decided to build a large railway across Siberia.

As a matter of fact, as early as the middle of19th century, relevant departments have done a lot of demonstration work for the construction of railways. In 1950s and 1970s, Russian experts designed many new plans to build railways in Siberia, but none of them got the support of the government. It was not until 1980s that the Russian government began to solve the problem of building trans-siberian railway [1]. 1890, Tsar Alexander III officially issued an order and decided to start construction from Vladivostok in the easternmost part. 189 1 In May, Crown Prince Nikolai (later the last Tsar Nicholas II) personally presided over the groundbreaking ceremony of the Vladivostok Railway. 1In July, 892, Chelyabinsk built a railway project eastward. Because of its great significance, the Russian supreme authorities attached great importance to the project from beginning to end, and established the "Special Management Committee of Trans-Siberian Railway" in 1892, chaired by Crown Prince Nicholas himself.

However, railway construction is extremely difficult. In addition to dense rivers, lakes, mountains and vast frozen soil, the harsh climate has become the biggest test. In Siberia, the temperature can reach an astonishing MINUS 50℃ in winter, and the high temperature of nearly MINUS 40℃ often appears in summer. Huge temperature difference often causes brittle fracture of steel and damage of equipment.

Under extremely harsh conditions, thousands of poor Russian farmers and forced laborers participated in the construction. They braved the cold and heat, built mountains and bridges, laid sleepers, and many people died of fatigue. In addition, Russia must pay a high price for the construction of railways. As a relatively backward country in Europe, Russia will almost do its best to bear this amazing expenditure. During the period of1891-1901,Russia spent 146 billion rubles on the trans-Siberian railway, far exceeding the military expenditure in the same period. After 13 years' efforts, the world's longest railway trunk lines 13 and 1904 were opened to traffic in July, and the finishing work continued to 19 16.

Later, in order to speed up the development of Siberia and the Far East, the Soviet government decided to build the second Siberian railway (North Asia Railway). The new railway starts from TaiSchet Station in trans-siberian railway in the west, passes through Ustikut on the Lena River, Cheyengar at the northern end of Lake Baikal, Zara in Chita State, Tengda in Amur State, Urgar and Qingcheng Mountain in Khabarovsk (Boli), and reaches Soviet ports along the Sea of Japan, with a total length of 4,275 kilometers. With the efforts of the Soviet railway corps, the North-Afghanistan Railway was completed at the end of 1984 and officially opened to traffic in 1985.

The construction of trans-siberian railway also had a considerable impact on China at that time. At that time, Russia had been coveting the northeast of China. Therefore, trans-siberian railway occupies an important position in Russian aggressive policy. Shortly after the start of construction in trans-siberian railway, Russian Finance Minister Viktor advocated that the main railway line would go directly to Vladivostok through the northeast of China, so as to bring the northeast of China closer to Russia. Just then, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki.

In order to restrain Japan's influence in the Far East, Russia joined hands with Germany and France to force Japan to "spit out" Liaodong Peninsula. Subsequently, Russia, which was "active" because of its intervention in Liao countries, quickly gained the favor of the Qing government, and Russia also took the opportunity to secretly formulate the so-called "Asian Yellow Russia Plan". The basis of this plan is to build a railway that runs through the northeast of China and extends southward to Dalian while building trans-siberian railway.

1896, when Li Hongzhang went to Moscow as a special envoy to congratulate Tsar Nicholas II on his coronation, the Russians induced him to sign the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty and decided to build a trans-Siberian railway branch line in China, and named it Dong Qing Railway (later called Middle East Railway). 1898, Dong Qing railway started construction, and the whole line was opened to traffic on June 1903. After the completion of trans-siberian railway, it brought great economic benefits to Russia. In the roar of the train, Siberia, which was originally barren, flourished rapidly. After opening to traffic, the first change here is the rapid growth of population. In 1863, the population of Siberia was only 2.86 million, and by 19 14, it had reached 9.62 million. The arrival of a large number of immigrants has effectively alleviated the labor shortage in Siberia. With the rapid growth of population, many cities emerged on both sides of the Grand Railway, which was praised as "American speed" by international public opinion at that time.

Relying on the labor force and capital technology brought by the railway, Siberia has become Russia's main agricultural and animal husbandry base. Before the October Revolution, Siberia's grain output accounted for 17% of the whole country. At the same time, Siberia's industry has also been vigorously developed. The coal mining industry, wood processing industry and metallurgical industry, which are produced to meet the needs of road construction, have been stimulated unprecedentedly, and even boosted the whole Russian economy.

The construction of trans-siberian railway also had a great influence on the international situation in the Far East at that time. Because Japan regarded China and Korea as forbidden areas, it clashed with Russia, which was expanding eastward. By 189 1, when the Russians started to build trans-siberian railway, the Japanese were even more restless. They are worried that once the railway is fully opened to traffic, it will greatly benefit the Russian military's military mobilization and enhance its military strength in the Far East. To this end, the Japanese government rushed around the world, contacted Britain and the United States and other countries to put pressure on Russia, trying to stop the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, but to no avail.

At the beginning of 1904, the Russo-Japanese war was on the verge. According to Japan's analysis, although Russia's overall military strength is stronger than Japan's, its forces in the Far East are limited and it is difficult to supply. At that time, trans-siberian railway was about to be built, and only a section of 100 kilometers was left around Lake Baikal. If the railway is completed, Russia's military disadvantage in the Far East will be fundamentally reversed. So at the insistence of Yamagata Aritomo, the military minister, and others, the Japanese army suddenly declared war on Russia on February 8, 1904. The development of the war further proved the importance of this railway.

After the war began, the well-prepared and geographically advantageous Japanese army really took the initiative and defeated the Russian army in succession. The Russian side had to work hard and forcibly opened trans-siberian railway on July 1904. Relying on this railway, Russia mobilized a large number of troops from Europe to the front line of the Far East in a short time, and finally surpassed the Japanese army in strength, thus partially recovering the defeat. It is for this reason that the Portsmouth compromise treaty came into being. Later, the Soviet Union deeply realized the importance of trans-siberian railway, further reformed and improved it, and once again played its great role in the 1945 war against Japan.

Trans-siberian railway has not yet played its full role. Misharin pointed out in his report that the annual trade volume between Europe and Asia is US$ 600 billion, but only 1% of the trade volume is realized through Russian transportation infrastructure. The construction of Russia's supporting transportation infrastructure will help to increase the total transit transportation to 25 million tons to 30 million tons by 20 10, thus enabling Russia to obtain additional income of more than 6 billion US dollars.

Countries along the route

North line

It starts from Aktau, Kazakhstan, connects to trans-siberian railway in the north, passes through Russia, Belarus and Poland, and reaches the countries of Western Europe and Northern Europe directly.

median

From Kazakhstan to the English Channel port via Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Germany and France, or from Aktau, Kazakhstan, south, along the border of Kyrgyzstan, via Tashkent, Uzbekistan and Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, westbound to Novotsk, Clasey, via Baku and Rihaida, Azerbaijan, via Tbilisi and Kibo, Georgia, via the Black Sea to Varna, Bulgaria, and via Ruse to Romania and Hungary to Central European countries.

South line:

From Ashgabat, Turkmenistan to Iran, to Mashhad in the west, to Turkey via Teheran and Tabrizi, to Bosphorus, and to Central, Western and Southern European countries via Bulgaria.

Baya railway

The full name is Baikal-Amur Railway. The Russian abbreviation is bam. Russia's second railway between eastern Siberia and the Pacific coast. It starts from Tai Schet in trans-siberian railway in the west, passes through Ustikut on the Lena River, Cheyengar at the northern end of Lake Baikal, Zara in Chita State, Tengda in Amur State, Urgar in Khabarovsk State and Qingcheng Mountain in * * * *, and reaches Soviet ports. The total length is 4275 kilometers. It is a strategic branch railway built by the Soviet Union to cope with the tense relationship with China (the main line of the Siberian Railway is quite close to the border of China). The new line is 380 to 480 miles away from the original line. Among them, Qingcheng-Soviet port section and TaiSchet-Ustikut section were completed and opened to traffic on 1947 and 1954 respectively. From 1974, the section from Ustikut to * * * Qingcheng has a total length of 3145km. It is located at180-500km north of trans-siberian railway. It plays an important role in reducing the transportation burden of trans-siberian railway, developing rich coal, copper, iron, lead, zinc, molybdenum, asbestos and forest resources along the route, and strengthening the economic and strategic position of the Far East. 1completed by the end of 984, 1985 opened to traffic. It is connected with trans-siberian railway by three branch lines. Beia Railway passes through a series of mountains such as Mount Baikal, but the tunnel length of the newly-built section 3 145km is only 26.3km, and this 26.3km consists of only four long tunnels: 15.3km Beimuya Tunnel, 6.7km Mount Baikal Tunnel, 2.5km Tail Tunnel and 1.8km Duxie Alin Tunnel.

The completion of the North-Afghanistan Railway marks a new stage of Siberia's development, which shows that the Soviet Union has taken Siberia's development as a strategic component of the whole national economic development. By mastering the key of railway development, the Soviet Union also opened the "underground treasure house" of Siberia, laying the necessary conditions for the economic development of Siberia and even the whole Soviet Union.

Railway around Lake Baikal

The railway around Lake Baikal was originally a part of trans-siberian railway. Trans-siberian railway starts from Moscow in the west, crosses eight time zones and 16 Eurasian rivers, passes through more than 1000 stations along the way, and reaches Vladivostok along the coast of the Sea of Japan, with a total length of more than 9,200 kilometers. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, with the development of science and technology, Russia began to study and build the trans-siberian railway, which lasted for more than 30 years. In order to accelerate the Tsar's ambition to expand eastward from16th century, the Russo-Japanese War broke out from 189 1904, leaving only two unfinished sections of this line, one of which is an impassable circular road near Irkutsk. Due to the urgent need of anti-Japanese, Lake Baikal was opened to traffic from Tango on the south bank to Ristyanka ferry on the north bank. /kloc-in the winter of 0/904, the railway tracks were laid on the ice and directly crossed the lake area to Kuske, Ir. The ice railway should be specially designed. The sleepers are dense and the rails are thick. Incredibly, this railway was erected and operated on the ice in extremely bad weather conditions and in the ice and snow with tens of degrees below zero. Trans-siberian railway played a considerable role in the Russo-Japanese War. Despite losing the Russo-Japanese War, Russia persisted in completing the Amur section of the Trans-Siberian Railway in frustration and pain, and the whole line was completed and opened to traffic in 19 16. In 1863, the population of Siberia was only 2.86 million, and by 19 14, it had reached 9.62 million. The great railway has promoted the all-round development of Siberia in a strategic sense. 1904 the railway around the lake needed to transport goods and troops due to the Russo-Japanese war, but it was not used again due to poor maintenance of facilities, weather conditions and political situation. It was not gradually used until after the Civil War. Trans-siberian railway once again played a great role in the 1945 war against Japan.

The construction of this railway started at 1902, and Italian engineers were invited. The materials are mainly local stones, which are planned to be completed within three years. Due to 1902 Japan-Russia Far East War, the project was completed ahead of schedule. The amount of work is huge, 60 tons of explosives are used per kilometer, and 300 tons of stones are blown out. There are 39 tunnels around the lake railway, with a length of 8994 meters, the longest tunnel of 807 meters and a back wall of 29 kilometers. Among them, the Italian-style background wall has become one of the most beautiful scenery on the railway around the lake.

Some buildings built in19th century, including stations, water conservancy facilities along the line, water towers, apartments, etc., are still in use today. Only a few local workers participated in the construction, and most of the railway around the lake were Russian, China and even American and Italian workers. Each tunnel has its own name, such as greedy tunnel, big tunnel and slave tunnel. The longest tunnel of 807 meters is called a half tunnel. Most tunnels are very short, and some are only a dozen meters. The most important stone work is undertaken by the best construction team. Stone work is the hardest and there are many accidents. It is said that when trans-siberian railway was built, Russia sent people to Shandong, Henan, Northeast China and other places for recruitment many times, reaching hundreds of thousands of people before and after. In addition to building the Dong Qing Railway, some China workers also came to work on railway sites in Siberia. Besides China workers, it is said that Japanese, Turks, Arabs, Italian and Austrian workers also took part in railway construction. Due to the harsh climate and working and living conditions, I don't know how many workers are buried forever on both sides of thousands of kilometers of railways.

During the period of 1930- 1950, some stations and other facilities were built. These are all done by Soviet railway soldiers. In 1950s, due to water conservancy projects, the railway moved from the lower part to the higher part. The new railway from Kultuk to Ir Kuske was built along the national road to Moscow, and since then, this railway has stopped using. In the 1960s and 1970s, only interested tourists visited the railway. 1In the early 1980s, the railway around the lake from Baikal Station to Kultuk was protected by the state as a historical, cultural and technological site. 1990, UNESCO recognized it as a historical and cultural heritage and became a part of Lake Baikal National Park. This is a living and moving monument, not a dead monument like Pingyao.

Vladivostok is the largest city in the Russian Far East with a population of more than 700,000. It is the terminal of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the political, economic and cultural center of Russia in the Far East. Vladivostok was originally the territory of China, and "encirclement" means depression. /kloc-More than 0/00 years ago, sea cucumbers were abundant here, hence the name Vladivostok. 1860, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, resulting in more than 400,000 square kilometers of land, including Vladivostok, being ceded to Russia. 1862, the Russian government officially renamed Vladivostok "Vladivostok", which means "controlling the East".

Vladivostok is Russia's only ice-free port in the North Pacific, and its geographical location is very important. The Russian Pacific Fleet Command is stationed here. There are many fishing facilities and seamen's service facilities in this city, which is called fishing city and seamen's city. Every summer, people come to Vladivostok in an endless stream. In addition to the beautiful seaside scenery and unique Russian architecture, the 9288 Monument, which is full of urban personality, is an attraction not to be missed. Russians say that going to Vladivostok without looking at the 9288 monument is tantamount to a trip.

The 9288 Monument was built on the platform of Vladivostok Railway Station to commemorate trans-siberian railway, known as the 12th wonder of the world. The monument is about four meters high, and the national emblem of the Russian double-headed eagle is placed on the high spire. The monument consists of the geometric figure of the circle below and above. The black marble is inlaid with four bronze characters of Huang Cancan "9288", which indicates that the distance between the end of trans-siberian railway across Europe and Asia and the capital Moscow is 9288 kilometers.

Trans-siberian railway is the longest railway in the world. It was built in July of 1904 and lasted for 13 years. It crosses the Ural Mountains, extends in the coniferous forests of Siberia, connects Moscow and Vladivostok, and almost spans the mileage of 1/4 of the earth's circumference. At the beginning of the last century, cars and planes were not widely used, and the most important function of land transportation was trains. The construction of trans-siberian railway is undoubtedly a milestone. It is known as the "backbone" of Russia and the link between Eurasian civilization, and has exerted a decisive influence on the economic and cultural exchanges between Russia and even Europe and Asia.

Trans-siberian railway connects the European part of Russia, Siberia and the Far East. The railway equipment is excellent, of which the European part accounts for about 19. 1% and the Asian part accounts for about 80.9%. * * * It spans 8 time zones, 3 regions and 14 provinces. The design speed of the railway is 80 kilometers per hour, and it takes seven days and seven nights from Moscow to Vladivostok.

But no one doesn't like the slow speed of the train. Passengers like to "waste" it, drink wine slowly and travel leisurely on the vast territory of Russia. You can see many different styles of scenery, people and culture along the way. The endless plains in Europe, the inaccessible forests in Asia, the charming lake surface of Lake Baikal and the scenery of various Russian towns are unforgettable. Russians are hospitable, chatting with tourists, getting to know Russian locals or foreign tourists, and buying special products from all over the world will also make the trip full of fun. The whole trip to trans-siberian railway is by no means a boring journey. It can be said that taking the train itself is a trip.

Trans-siberian railway has shortened the transportation line from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, making it the longest railway in the world at present. No matter from the economic significance or political significance to evaluate it, it can be said to be remarkable. Especially during the Second World War, this railway made outstanding contributions to the Soviet Union's defeat of German and Japanese fascists. Therefore, when we came to Vladivostok, we had to visit the 9288 Monument.