Why did Shandong refugees flow to the northeast in large numbers?

Until the middle of19th century, the population of Northeast China was very small. For example, from Daoguang 10 to 19 (1830- 1839), the average population of Jilin was only 320,000. [4 1] (Cao, 1988: 43) Since1the second half of the 9th century, people in the pass began to emigrate to the northeast outside the pass. From 1900 to 1903 alone, about 5 million poor people moved to the northeast every year, and most of them stayed and settled down. Therefore, from the perspective of population composition, it is obvious that the northeast people are mainly immigrants, and the cultural characteristics of the northeast are manifested as immigrant culture, and the image of the northeast people is also presented as immigrant image. Most of the immigrants who came to Northeast China were poor farmers in North China. According to statistics, in terms of its quantitative composition, most of the immigration movements since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were poor farmers who came from the mainland to reclaim land in the Northeast. Although there is no specific statistics on the composition of immigrants, it is roughly estimated to be above 95%.

Li Hua, editor of Military History magazine of Academy of Military Sciences, told a little-known historical event, that is, Zhang's immigration action. "One of Zhang's most important anti-Japanese measures was to absorb a large number of immigrants from Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Anhui by developing the Northeast as early as around the 1920s. If the Japanese in the Northeast are not drowned by China immigrants in the end, the ownership of the Northeast will be even more variable. " On this point, Yu Hong, who has lived and worked in Russia for many years, expressed the same view from another aspect: "In contrast, the Russians occupied the territory of China thoroughly. When I went to Vladivostok, there wasn't even a China building. At that time, the Russians drove away all the China people who lived there, and now the remains of the China people who live there are gone. " .