On the Peace War between Han and Xiongnu

The "war" and "peace" in the Sino-Hungarian War eventually developed in favor of the Han Dynasty.

"War" has three meanings for the Han Dynasty. First, it promoted the unity within the Han Dynasty, and many complicated internal contradictions were diluted under the mentality of sharing the enemy. Secondly, it changed the nationality of the Han nationality. Historically, the Han nationality (known as Huaxia nationality in the early days) was once a brave and flamboyant nation. The successive defeats to Hungary in the early Han Dynasty made this nation less arrogant and more calm. It is this strong, calm and more patient character that determines the advantage of the Han nationality in the long-term war. The third is to improve the military level. Because the Xiongnu's individual combat ability is very strong, it forces the Han army not to retain some technical and tactical characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, so it must be changed. Therefore, for the first time, the Han army began to pay attention to individual combat capability and creatively used some weapons and equipment in melee. This tactical change has brought unexpected gains. Xiongnu soldiers, who are tall and strong and suitable for long-distance combat, are very uncomfortable with this almost desperate style of play, and eventually suffered heavy casualties, leading to the whole family.

The meaning of "harmony", in the process of war, "harmony" is a useful pause to prevent one or both sides from doing their best to hurt their vitality, and the ultimate "harmony" is to prevent the Xiongnu from being extinct because of irrational resistance like some other ethnic minorities, and it is a holy move for both Xiongnu and Han nationality to reduce casualties.

The establishment of Xiongnu empire

Xiongnu originated in the Hetao Plain in Monan and Daqingshan area, and there were other names in history, such as Porridge, Ghost Square, Armadillo, Rongdi and Hu Ren. According to historical records, the ancestor of Xiongnu was Chunyu, and he was the son of Jie, so Xiongnu had an interactive relationship with the Chinese world at the beginning of its formation.

Based on the Xiongnu tribal alliance, the Xiongnu State was established by conquering tribal alliances, tribes and other small countries. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and Khan, the magic capital, rose by chance, conquered all directions, unified the north and south of the desert, and established the Xiongnu Empire under the control of Saibei, China. Its territory starts from Liaohe River in the east, reaches Conglin Mountain in the west, reaches the Great Wall in the south and reaches Lake Baikal in the north, with unprecedented territory.

The government agencies of Xiongnu can be divided into three parts:

1. Chanyuting-the central organ of the Xiongnu regime, which governs the central part of Xiongnu, is connected with Dai Jun and Yunzhong counties in the Han Dynasty, and is directly under the jurisdiction of Chanyuting. So the supreme ruler of Xiongnu was in charge of military and political power, and Hou Fuzheng was the left and right bone.

Second, the left court-governs the eastern Xiongnu, adjacent to Shanggu County and Bianjun County of the Han Dynasty, connected with North Korea, and unified from the left.

3. Youting-governs the western region of Xiongnu, bordering Han County and its border counties in the west and Yue, Di and Qiang in the west, ruled by the right.

The nomadic military regime of Xiongnu is composed of many tribes, including many clans, whose famous surnames are Luan, Hu Yan, Lang, Subu, Han and Lang. Twins are the most expensive, and Khan belongs to this family; Hu Yan, Lang, Xu Bu, all married, and all the concubines were born of this different surname. In addition, some clans (other departments) also enjoy a high social status, and the abolition of Khan, peaceful war, worship to heaven and other major events must be decided by the nobles of various departments.

There is no customization except for the inheritance restrictions for twin children. Therefore, the heir is not necessarily the eldest son, and there is no absolute inheritance right, but the heir must have held important positions such as the left and right king or the ancient king. Khan's order of succession needs a clan parliament, and only after nomination, voting and approval can it be recognized as legal. The clan elders' meeting has its authority on Khan's decision to succeed to the throne, and the legacy of Khan's predecessor is for reference only.

Sino-Hungarian Relations in the Western Han Dynasty

In 20 1 year BC, Xiongnu attacked Jinyang (Taiyuan, Shanxi) with modu chanyu. The following year, Gaozu led an army to crusade and was besieged near Pingcheng for seven days. He ran out of food and aid, and the situation was in jeopardy. He was saved by Chen's secret plan. Emperor Gaozu adopted Liu Jing's suggestion and adopted a pro-marriage policy, giving the Huns silk products and food at the age of 20 in exchange for the temporary stability of the border.

After the death of Emperor Gaozu, he was arrogant and once wrote a letter to Lv Hou, saying many insulting words. Han Ting also forbear to send, as close as ever. After modu chanyu, Xiongnu still invaded frequently. During the Wenjing period, Jia Yi, Chao Cuo and other courtiers expressed dissatisfaction with the pro-DPRK policy and put forward suggestions on immigration. Wendi once used it, but the effect was not great. Finally, he continued the pro-DPRK policy.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after a long period of recuperation, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was greatly boosted, and it broke away from the Xiongnu and used force against the Xiongnu. After the plan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to set up Mayi to induce Xiongnu to surround them deeply failed, the two sides formally broke up and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the initiative to attack Xiongnu.

The three major battles of Henan, Hexi and Mobei were the most important in the Sino-Hungarian War.

In the first year of Han dynasty (BC 100), Su Wu was detained when he went to Xiongnu. The following year, Li Ling attacked the Huns, went deep alone, and did everything in his power to fall to the Huns. In the third year of Zheng He (90 BC), Li Guangli defeated the Xiongnu and surrendered. Stimulated by the witchcraft disaster, in the fourth year of Zhenghe (89 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a decree to remove the garrison of Luntai in the western regions to show that it would no longer serve the frontier. History is called "the imperial edict of Luntai". Later, at the end of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty ceased fighting and shared interest with the people, and did not conquer the Xiongnu again.

When Zhao Di ascended the throne, the relationship between China and Hungary eased, and the Huns were released to Su Wu, which made them friendly. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, the Huns invaded Wusun in the west and were defeated by the Han army. At the same time, being attacked by Ding Ling and Wu Huan, the national strength was greatly weakened. Soon, the Huns were in civil strife, and the five permanent members split, calling for victory, but in the end they were defeated by Zhichan, so please surrender to Han. In the third year of Ganlu (5 1 BC), he was called to the DPRK, hoping to keep Guanglusai (in Suiyuan) as a barrier to the Han Dynasty.

In Yuan Di, Zhi Zhi traveled westward to Central Asia, threatening countries in the western regions. The Western Regions all protected Gan Yanshou and a vice captain, Chen Tang, and sent soldiers from the Western Regions to attack the soldiers who killed Dingtian in the Han Dynasty. Soon, Uhaanyehe entered Korea three times, benefiting from obedience. Please marry Han He's wife. Yes, the maid of honor. Naturally, Sino-Hungarian relations have improved. Since Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty, people have lived in peace with Xiongnu and the North for more than 60 years. This kind of kiss is different from the humiliating kiss in the early Han Dynasty and has the spirit of equality and mutual benefit.

The Eastern Han Dynasty and Xiongnu in North and South China

After the establishment of the new dynasty, Wang Mang changed the title of Xiongnu Khan to "respecting slaves" and later changed it to "surrendering slaves to serve them". The Huns were dissatisfied and rebelled. Until the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no substantial improvement in Sino-Hungarian relations. At this time, the Huns clashed. In 48 years, eight tribes of Xiongnu were founded, and Uhaanyehe's grandson was single-minded, single-minded and hostile to Pu Nu, and Xiongnu split into two parts. The next day, more than 40 thousand people went south to attach themselves to the Han Dynasty, which was called the Southern Xiongnu. Those who stayed in Mobei were called the Northern Xiongnu. After the southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, they moved to Suiyuan, where the Han Dynasty supplied grain, grass and livestock to guard the border for the Han Dynasty.

In Ming Di, the northern Xiongnu even invaded Hexi with soldiers from the Western Regions, and the Han Dynasty used Dou Gu to discuss and settled in Yiwu (Hami, Xinjiang). During the reign of Emperor Zhang, the northern Xiongnu was attacked by Xianbei and Dingling, and the country was in chaos, which led to the surrender of Han. South Xiongnu wrote a letter asking Korea to send troops to crusade, so that South Xiongnu and North Xiongnu could be unified and become vassals of China forever. And emperor acceded to the throne, Dou Taihou in the dynasty, the first year of yongyuan (89), life Dou Xian, Geng bing cavalry four thousand, combined with the southern Xiongnu, Qiang, Hu Bing thirty thousand, break the northern Xiongnu. Xian and others went out of the village for three thousand miles and arrived at the mountain (Hang 'ai Mountain in outer Mongolia), where they carved stones to record their merits and set up a monument. In the third year of Yongyuan (9 1), Dou Xian once again conquered the northern Xiongnu and won in Jinwei Mountain (Altai Mountain in outer Mongolia). The northern Xiongnu Khan led the western expedition. Xianbei people took the opportunity to gradually move westward and occupied the hometown of Xiongnu. The remaining Huns merged with Xianbei, also calling themselves Xianbei. Since then, the southern Xiongnu migrated internally, lived with the Han nationality and gradually assimilated.

Xiongnu Migration and Sinicization

After the Northern Xiongnu moved westward, the record in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was "I didn't know where I was when I fled", which disappeared from the history of China. In 374, a powerful cavalry team appeared in Eastern Europe, known as "Xiongnu", which forced the Germans to go south and led to the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The Germans were regarded as barbarians with low culture in the eyes of the Roman Empire at that time. After the Germans established the kingdom in Western Europe, the Greek and Roman culture, which was mainly based on literature and art and urban life, was replaced by the Germanic rural culture, and the history of Western Europe entered the Middle Ages. Some scholars believe that Hungarians are Huns in the history of China, but there is no evidence to prove that Hungarians are descendants of Huns. The relationship between northern Xiongnu and Hungarians needs further study.

During the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu was transferred to the mainland to quell the rebellion, and the Xiongnu moved inward constantly. In addition to the Huns, Wuhuan and Xianbei also entered the Han territory, forming a land of conference semifinals in the territory of the Han Dynasty. The Hu nationality's inward migration has much to do with the future "Five Chaos in China".