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Germany annexed Austria.

Austria, like Germany, is a country with the German nation as the main body. As early as around the First World War, the two countries had the intention of merging for different purposes. However, the Treaty of Versailles explicitly prohibits merger. After the Nazi Party came to power, Hitler intended to encourage the Austrian Nazi Party to carry out subversive activities in Austria in order to achieve annexation. 1in July, 934, the Austrian Nazis launched an armed rebellion. Although they assassinated the Austrian Prime Minister, they were suppressed and failed. 1936, under the pressure of Nazi Germany, Austrian Prime Minister Schnieger and German Ambassador to Austria Baben signed a secret agreement and communique. Thus, although Austria is still a sovereign country in name, its internal affairs and diplomacy have been basically controlled by Germany. This move has not been recognized by western powers. Hitler's appetite is growing, and he is determined to completely and formally annex Austria. Moreover, he believes that Britain and France will not take military action against Germany. At the same time, because Italy consumed a lot of power in the war of aggression against Ethiopia, it has been unable to compete with Germany for Austria. 1937 1 1 After Italy joined the international anti-production agreement, Italy officially gave up Austria and turned its attention to the Mediterranean and colonies. In this way, Germany accelerated the pace of annexing Austria. 1938 February 12, Hitler made an appointment with Xu Snygg, asked him to sign a protocol of Austria's complete obedience to Germany, and ordered him to reply within three days, otherwise he would enter Austria. Under the threat of German oppression, Austria was forced to make concessions, release Nazi criminals and appoint Nazi leaders as interior ministers. But Hitler was not satisfied. Without the support of Britain and France, Xu Shijie was helplessly prepared to let all citizens vote on the future of the country on March 13. Hitler flew into a rage after hearing the news and ordered the Germans to prepare to attack Austria. On March 1 1, Xu Schniger stepped down and Nazi Seth Inquart took office to form a cabinet. The next morning, Germans entered Austria. /kloc-in 0/3, Germany and Austria signed the Law on the Unification of Austria and Germany, and Germany formally annexed Austria. More than 7 million people in Austria became subjects of Hitler's rule, which increased the source of soldiers for Hitler to wage war.

Neville chamberlain

1869 ——1940, British Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party. Born in Birmingham, graduated from Birmingham University. 19 15 Mayor of Birmingham. 19 18 was elected as a member of the house of commons. He has served as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, Minister of Health and Minister of Finance. Since the Prime Minister 1937. During his tenure, he carried out the policy of condoning fascist aggression in an all-round way, admitted Mussolini's occupation of Ethiopia and acquiesced in Hitler's annexation of Austria. Especially in 1938, he sought audience with Hitler three times and plotted the Munich crisis. After the full-scale outbreak of World War II, Britain and France declared war on Germany and watched Poland perish. 1940 In April and May, the Germans quickly advanced to northern Europe and western Europe, and Chamberlain was strongly condemned, suddenly stepped down and died soon after. He is the author of the collection of speeches "Struggle for Peace".

Daladier er

1884 ~ 1970, French prime minister and leader of radical socialist party. 19 18 as a member of the house of representatives. He served as Minister of Colony, Public Works, Foreign Affairs and National Defense. 1927 was elected chairman of the radical socialist party, 1935 joined the French people's front. 1938 to 1940 as Prime Minister, he signed the Munich Agreement with Chamberlain. When France was defeated in 1940, it was driven out of the government by the dominant capitulators because it advocated continuing to fight in North Africa. He was arrested by the Betan traitorous government and imprisoned in France, Germany and Austria. Returning to China after the war. He was a member of the National Assembly from 1946 to 1958 and opposed the cold war policy. 1957 was elected chairman of the radical socialist party. 1958 opposed Charles de Gaulle's administration and then withdrew from politics.

1938 broadcast speech by British Prime Minister Chamberlain on September 27th (excerpt)

As you know, I have made every effort to have this argument. After my visit to Germany, I clearly realized how Mr. Hitler felt that he had to safeguard the interests of other Germans, and he was angry that German complaints could not be eliminated. He told me privately that after the German problem in the Sudetenland was solved, Germany no longer made territorial claims in Europe; Last night, he reiterated this.

As long as there is a glimmer of hope for peace, I will never give up hope for peace, nor will I give up my efforts for peace. ……

No matter how much sympathy we have for a small country under the pressure of a powerful neighbor, we can't be desperate to involve the whole British empire in a war just for it. If we have to fight, it must be for something more important than this. I am a person who loves peace from the bottom of my soul. Armed conflict between countries is like a nightmare to me. However, if I am sure that any country really wants to rule the world with the terror of force, then I certainly think it should be resisted. Because under this rule, anyone who believes in freedom will feel that life is worthless. However, before the war, we must be very clear that there are indeed some major issues that have reached a dangerous juncture; After weighing all the consequences, I call on everyone to take all risks and safeguard the interests of these major issues.

For the time being, I ask you to try to stay calm and wait and see what will happen in the next few days. As long as the war hasn't started, there is always hope to stop it. As you know, I have been working for peace until the last moment.

1939 on March 8, Hitler's speech at the German military, economic and Nazi party important people's meeting (excerpt)

The real problem for the German people is to ensure that they have the source of raw materials needed for prosperity. In addition, in order for the German people to enjoy this prosperity, their enemies: Jews, democratic countries and "international powers" should be completely eliminated. As long as these enemies have some remnants anywhere in the world, they will also threaten the survival of the German people. Therefore, the situation in Prague is intolerable. In addition, Prague is also the only way for raw materials. On this basis, within a few days-no later than March 65438, 2005-the order of military occupation of Czechoslovakia was issued.

Then it was Poland's turn. We don't have to consider that there will be fierce resistance there. In order to ensure the supply of agricultural products and coal from Poland to Germany, Germany's rule over Poland is necessary. As for Hungary and Romania, of course, they belong to the space necessary for Germany to survive. There is no doubt that the collapse of Poland and some pressure will bring them to heel. By then, we will completely control their huge agricultural and oil resources. It can be said that the same is true of Yugoslavia.

This is the plan to be implemented before 1940. By then, Germany will be invincible. By 1940 and 194 1 year, Germany will solve its old enemy France once and for all. This country will disappear from the map of Europe. Britain is an ancient and weak country weakened by democracy. When France was defeated, Germany could easily establish its rule over Britain and dominate Britain's wealth and territory in the world.

In this way, after unifying the European continent for the first time according to the new concept, Germany will embark on the greatest combat action in the history of innovation: based on the territory of Britain and France in the United States, it will settle accounts with the "king of Jewish gold and yuan" in the United States. We will destroy this Jewish democratic country, and the blood of Jews will be mixed with Jin Yuan. Although Americans can still insult our people today, one day-although it is too late-they will regret everything they have said to us.

Report of the French Ambassador to Germany to the German Foreign Minister (excerpt)

The map of Europe has been forced to change recently, which is very beneficial to Germany. ..... The source of funds for issuing bank notes in Germany has been completely exhausted, and now it has obtained most of the gold and foreign exchange of Czech bank notes. For a country that has completely lost its ability to pay internationally, the money thus obtained is a considerable supplementary amount.

More importantly, after the Germans occupied Skoda Arsenal, they also got a lot of high-quality military supplies. This world-famous arsenal not only supplies Czechoslovakia, but also supplies Romania and Yugoslavia. Due to this fact, the military strength of Romania and Yugoslavia has been greatly weakened. I just want to remind you here: Skoda also makes engines on airplanes for us.

Germany gained a population of10 million without a single soldier. Except for a few protests, it completely changed the structure of Europe and established military institutions, which made Europe have to obey Germany's demands again and again at critical moments. This kind of achievement, even the coolest person can't help but be dumbfounded. ..... Tomorrow, Germany may take Olgilvy's successful measures against Romania and Poland, forcing them to make a choice: either slaughter peaceful residents and destroy unguarded cities, or pay a heavy price and accept German conditions with humiliation. At the same time, we have to assume that Germany may turn to deal with western powers before completing its extensive plan of developing eastward in the future.

Soviet Union's efforts to establish collective security

In the face of Nazi Germany's aggressive offensive, the Soviet Union hoped to improve its relations with Britain and France and contain Germany. However, the long-term estrangement has made it impossible for both sides to gain trust for a while. After the Munich agreement was signed, Germany was not satisfied. 1March 6, 939, the Germans annexed Slovakia. On the same day, Hitler announced the establishment of a "Bohemian-Moravian protectorate" in Bohemia and Moravia, the only remaining parts of the former Czechoslovakia, and completely annexed Czechoslovakia. Hitler's aggressive ambition has been clearly revealed, and for a time, there were clouds of war over Europe. It was clear to anyone with a little brains at that time that only Britain, France and the Soviet Union could contain Hitler's aggression. Some opposition politicians, such as Lloyd George of Britain, Churchill and heriott of France, actively called on the government to form an alliance with the Soviet Union. Due to the repeated failure of appeasement policy, under the pressure of public opinion, the British Chamberlain government and the French Faraday government had to change their attitudes and began to contact the Soviet Union. At the same time, despite the influence of the Munich Agreement, the Soviet Union's distrust of Britain and France increased, but Soviet leaders were still willing to form an anti-fascist alliance with Britain and France. Soviet leaders hoped to form a collective security system by forming an alliance with Britain and France to guard against Nazi Germany. 1939 From April to August, Britain, France and the Soviet Union negotiated the conclusion of a mutual assistance treaty. 1939 On April 14, Britain first proposed to the Soviet Union that since Britain and France had provided security guarantees to Poland and Romania the day before, the Soviet Union should also issue a statement and publicly promise that once any European neighbor of the Soviet Union was invaded and resisted, the Soviet Union would provide assistance at any time as long as it was willing. At the same time, France also put forward a proposal to the Soviet Union, hoping that the two countries would supplement the Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty of 1935 by exchanging letters, stipulating that when either side of France and the Soviet Union goes to war with Germany for aiding Poland or Romania, the other side should give immediate assistance and support. From the suggestions of Britain and France, it can be seen that they want the Soviet Union to assume more responsibilities. For example, it is obviously unfair that Britain only provides security guarantees to Poland and Romania, while asking the Soviet Union to provide security guarantees to all its European neighbors. Three days later, the Soviet Union put forward its own proposal. It mainly includes: (1) Britain, France and the Soviet Union entered into a five-to 10-year covenant, and assumed mutual obligations. Once a war broke out against any of the three countries in Europe, they immediately gave each other all possible assistance, including military assistance; (2) The three parties agreed to provide all possible assistance, including military assistance, to the eastern European countries located between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea and bordering the Soviet Union. At that time, France, which was directly threatened by German aggression, took a positive attitude towards the Soviet Union's proposal, while Britain's attitude was not very positive and its response was slow. It was not until May 8 that Britain made a unilateral request to the Soviet Union, asking the Soviet government to promise that if Britain and France were involved in the war because of fulfilling their obligations to Poland, Romania and Greece, the Soviet Union would immediately give all assistance. This was rejected by the Soviet government. Although the two sides have been negotiating, there is no progress. On July 9, the Soviet Union proposed that the two sides immediately start military negotiations. Although Britain and France agreed, they were not very active. Britain and France sent low-ranking representatives to the Soviet Union to negotiate by boat, and British representatives did not even have the right to sign contracts. On August 12, Marshal voroshilov, member of the People's Committee of National Defense of the Soviet Union (Minister of National Defense), led a delegation to start negotiations with representatives of Britain and France. The Soviet Union believes that since the Soviet Union and Germany have no common border, it is necessary for Soviet troops to pass through the territories of Poland and Romania in case of war. However, the two countries resolutely opposed the transit of the Soviet Union, and Britain and France did not express their support. On August 2 1 day, the negotiations ended in failure. During the negotiations, Britain and France, especially the British government, wanted to use military negotiations with the Soviet Union to deter Germany from rashly launching a war, and at the same time to contain the Soviet Union and prevent Germany and the Soviet Union from approaching. Seeing that Britain and France were obviously insincere, the Soviet government was afraid of being calculated and remembered the Munich crisis vividly, so it finally gave up its efforts to build a collective security system and improved its relations with Germany, hoping to avoid being invaded by Germany first.

Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany (1August 23, 939)

Proceeding from the desire to strengthen the cause of peace between the Soviet Union and Germany, and according to the basic provisions of the neutral treaty 1926, the government of the Soviet Socialist Union and the German government have reached the following agreement:

1. The contracting parties promise never to take any armed action, aggression or attack against each other alone or jointly with other countries.

2. If one contracting party becomes the object of hostile acts of a third country, the other contracting party will not give any support to the third country.

3. The governments of the contracting parties will keep in touch in the future in order to exchange information and hold consultations on issues related to their interests.

4. Neither party will join any group of countries aimed at directly or indirectly opposing the other party.

5. If there are differences or conflicts between the contracting parties on a certain issue or other issues, the contracting parties shall exchange views amicably only through peaceful means, or set up a mediation committee when necessary, so as to solve these disputes or conflicts.

6. This Treaty shall be valid for ten years. Unless a contracting state notifies its withdrawal one year before its expiration, this treaty will be deemed to be automatically extended for five years.

7. This treaty should be ratified as soon as possible. The instruments of ratification should be exchanged in Berlin. This Treaty shall enter into force immediately after its signature.

V. Molotov, Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

German government plenipotentiary von ribbentrop

Attachment: After World War II, western countries announced the following secret additional protocol to the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, while the Soviet Union denied its existence.

When signing the non-aggression treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, the authorized representatives of the two parties signed below discussed the issue of determining the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence in Eastern Europe in a top-secret way, and reached the following conclusions:

1. In the case of territorial and political changes in the areas belonging to the Baltic countries (Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania will become the boundary of the sphere of influence of Germany and the Soviet Union. In this regard, both sides recognize Lithuania's interests in Villeno.

2. In the case of territorial and political changes in areas belonging to Polish countries, the spheres of influence of Germany and the Soviet Union will generally be bounded by the Narev River, the Visva River and the Sanger River.

Whether maintaining an independent Polish country is in the interests of both sides and how such a country will be demarcated can only be determined in the process of further political development.

3. In South-East Europe, the Soviet Union cares about its interests in Bissalabia. Germany claims that it has no political interests in the region.

Both parties will regard this agreement as a top secret document.

Munich agreement (that is, Czechoslovakia ceded Sudetenland to Germany) (excerpt)

Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, considering that the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany in principle, agree to the following terms and conditions related to the above cession and the measures arising therefrom. Through this agreement, they shall be responsible for taking necessary steps to ensure the implementation of this agreement:

1. The retreat will begin on June 1.

2. Britain, France and Italy agreed to complete the evacuation from the territory on June 10, without destroying any existing equipment, and will instruct the Czechoslovak government to carry out the evacuation without damaging the above equipment.

3. As for the conditions of withdrawal, an international committee composed of representatives from Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia should work out the details.

4. Starting from June 65438+1 October1,the Germans will occupy the German-dominated territory in stages. The four territories marked on the attached map will be occupied by German troops in the following order. ...

The remaining territories with the most prominent German characteristics will be quickly determined by the above-mentioned international committee and occupied by the Germans in June 5438 +654381October +00.

5. The international committee referred to in the third paragraph will decide the territory for holding the referendum, and before the referendum is completed, the territory shall be occupied by international institutions. The international committee will determine the conditions for holding a referendum according to the conditions for holding a referendum in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The International Committee should also appoint a date for holding the referendum, which will be no later than the end of 1 1.

6. The international committee will finalize the boundary. Under some special circumstances, the Committee will also have the right to determine strictly from the ethnology that some areas can be handed over without holding a referendum, and put forward suggestions for minor changes to Germany, Britain, France and Italy.

7. The right to freely choose to move into or out of the transferred territory shall be exercised within six months from the date of signing this Agreement. ……

8. Within four weeks from the date of signing this Treaty, the Czechoslovak government will dismiss any Sudeten Germans who wish to be dismissed from their posts in the army and public security forces, and at the same time, the Czechoslovak government will release prisoners serving prison sentences for political crimes.

1938 Done at Munich on September 29th.

Adolf Hitler edward Daladier

Neville chamberlain Benito Mussolini

Some academic views of German historians on the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty

German historians have different academic views on the nature and consequences of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty. 1. "Revolutionary compromise theory". Liu believes that the Soviet-German non-aggression agreement is "a revolutionary compromise to break the imperialist encirclement and smash the imperialist conspiracy by using the contradictions between imperialism" and "does not violate the diplomatic principle of Leninism: consider the national interests of the Soviet Union and the interests of the progressive mankind all over the world" (Liu commented on the Soviet-German non-aggression agreement-compared with the Brest Treaty). Wang Zhi also believes that this treaty is "a great victory for the Soviet Union to make use of the contradictions of imperialism and gain a favorable international environment" (Wang Zhi's treaty is beneficial to the people of the world). 2. "appeasement" theory. Shuai Qiaochang thinks: "The conclusion of the treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany was a real disaster for the West, and it implemented a policy of appeasement worse than that of Britain and France" (another appeasement by Shuai Qiaochang was published in Trends in World History Research 1985 12, page 47). Shen Zhien believes that the difference between the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and the Munich Agreement is that Britain and France sacrificed Czech and their own interests. However, the Soviet Union was able to forcibly restore the Russian imperial border of 19 13 years "(Shen Zhien's analysis of the relationship between 1939 ~ 194 1 year) Sun Hongqi thinks:" The Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and both are typical manifestations of the appeasement policy on the eve of the European War. 3. "Divide the spoils" theory. Xu Chiqing thinks that the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty is a "secret transaction with the nature of sharing stolen goods" (Xu Chiqing commented on the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty from Lenin's Foreign Policy (Journal of Jiangxi Normal University, No.4, 1984). Chen Haiyan also believes that the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty "is an out-and-out pre-distribution contract for big countries to slaughter small countries" (Chen Haiyan's "From Brest to Moscow-A Comprehensive Review of the Soviet-German Relations before the War"). 4. "Alliance" theory. Wang Side believes that the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty "has become a de facto alliance treaty" (on the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty (August 1939)). Second, the consequences. 1. "favorable" theory. Wang Zhi believes that the signing of the Soviet-German Treaty "won a more favorable international environment for the Soviet Union" and "won the Soviet Union 22 months necessary to defeat the aggressors", which made Japan "more isolated internationally" and "more beneficial to the Soviet people and the world's anti-fascist countries and people" (the Wang Zhi Treaty is beneficial to the people of the world). Li believes: "The signing of the Soviet-German Treaty not only broke the attempt of Britain and Germany to collude against the existence of the Soviet Union, but also broke the anti-Soviet treaty and front of German and Japanese fascists, so that the Soviet Union avoided fighting on two fronts militarily" (Re-study of Li's Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany). 2. The theory that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Zhao Chunhai pointed out in the article "On the signing of the non-aggression treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany" that the advantages of the treaty outweigh the disadvantages and should be fully affirmed. Xu Mingzhen also believes: "We should not only see the positive role of the Soviet-German Treaty, but also truthfully analyze the negative consequences of objective existence. But comparing the two and weighing the pros and cons, although the treaty has brought some negative consequences to the anti-fascist struggle of the people of the world and the Soviet Union itself for a period of time, its positive role is fundamental and dominant "(Xu Mingzhen's Views on the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, World Historical Trends No.4, 1984). 3. The "disadvantages outweigh the advantages" theory. Xue Longgen thinks that the disadvantages of the treaty outweigh the advantages, and the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Although the treaty won the Soviet Union more than a year to prepare for the war and laid a certain foundation for the victory of the later anti-fascist war, the consequences it brought were also serious. For example, "objectively contributed to Hitler's aggressive ambition", "greatly damaged the prestige of socialist countries", "split international movements, damaged the prestige of political parties in various countries, and destroyed the emerging anti-fascist United front", "made itself lose its vigilance, and caused the Soviet Union to suffer extremely serious losses in the early days of the Great Patriotic War" (Xue Longgen's "It's not worth the candle-also on the Soviet-German Treaty") 4. "Unfavorable" theory. Wang Side believes that the treaty has a great negative effect on the grounds that "it has bound the hands and feet of the Soviet Union to a certain extent, which is not conducive to making full use of imperialist contradictions, uniting all forces that can be United, and delaying the outbreak of world war". "It blurs the understanding of the Soviet Union and the people of the world and is not conducive to promoting the anti-fascist struggle of the people of the world" (pictured above by Wang Si). Huang Zongxiang, Li Changde and others also wrote articles pointing out similar views.

The outbreak of World War II and the situation on the Western Front

Germany invaded Poland.

On September 1939 and 1 day, German aviation suddenly attacked strategic targets such as Poland's main airports and transportation hubs, and ground troops quickly broke through the Polish defense line. At that time, with the support of superior aviation, the German Rapid Corps launched a centripetal assault from the north and south directions, striving to quickly annihilate the main force of the Polish army and wipe out Poland in one fell swoop before Poland's western allies Britain and France prepared to attack. The German invaders included two army groups, *** 62 divisions, including 7 tank divisions and 4 motorized divisions, with a total strength of 6.5438+0.6 million, 2,800 tanks, 6,000 guns and mortars, and about 2,000 aircraft. The 3rd and 4th Army Groups under the "North" Army Group are under the command of Admiral F Bok, and deployed in Pomerania and East Prussia, supported by 1 Air Force. The "Southern" Army Group has 14, 10 and the 8th Army Group under the command of General Grundstedt, deployed in Silesia and Czechoslovakia, and supported by the 4th Air Force. In the face of the powerful German army, Poland is still engaged in outdated strategic and tactical operations, trying to contain the German army with border defense, cover the general mobilization of the army, and buy time for Britain and France to complete their offensive preparations. At that time, the total force that the Polish Army could deploy was about 39 infantry divisions, 1/kloc-0 cavalry brigades, 3 mountain infantry brigades, 2 armored motorized brigades and 80 civil defense battalions, with a total number of about110,000 people, mainly equipped with 870 light or ultra-light tanks, 4 guns and mortars, and more than 400 old-fashioned ones. The Polish high command deployed its main force in the area where the border between Bode and Boje was not deep, imagining that heroic Polish cavalry would deal with German tanks, and at the same time hoping for the assistance of the allied forces. After the war began, the mobilization and mobilization of the Polish army was in trouble. After Britain and France declared war on Germany, they delayed launching a large-scale attack on the German army on the western front. Although the Polish cavalry fought bravely, their flesh and blood were hard to resist the German tanks. The Germans went straight to Warsaw, and the Polish government went into exile in Romania. /kloc-in September of 0/7, Soviet troops invaded eastern Poland, and Poland lost the rear area where it could persist in the war of resistance. Warsaw soldiers and civilians besieged by the Germans fought tenaciously for 20 days under extremely difficult conditions. On the 28th, Warsaw fell. At the beginning of 10, the Polish army stopped resisting. In the German-Polish War, 66,300 Polish troops were killed, 65,438+033,700 injured and nearly 420,000 captured. The Germans were killed 1600, injured 30,300 and lost 3,400. In this war, the Germans successfully used lightning tactics for the first time, which showed the power of the tank corps to carry out rapid assault with the cooperation of aviation. Later, the Germans used lightning tactics many times in the wars of invading western Europe, northern Europe and the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union established the Eastern Front.

After Germany attacked Poland, the Soviet Union sent troops to eastern Poland on September 1939. On September 28th, German Foreign Minister ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov signed the second secret agreement to carve up Poland. The agreement stipulated that about 200,000 square kilometers and13 million people in western Ukraine and Belarus in eastern Poland belong to the Soviet Union, and more than 10 million square kilometers and 22 million people in western Poland belong to Germany. 1939165438+1On October 26th, the Soviet Union created the so-called "incident in the village of Mainila" on the border of Sufen, accusing the Finnish army of provoking the border conflict. 165438+1October 30th, the Soviet army attacked Finland on a large scale, and the Finnish army fought bravely. 1940, 12 In March, the Finnish government was forced to sign a land cession treaty with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union obtained 47,760 square kilometers of land from Finland, which greatly pushed the northwest border of the Soviet Union westward, but the Soviet Union also paid a heavy price for it.126,875 people died, 264,908 people were injured and 39,369 people were injured. During this period, the Soviet Union forced Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to sign a mutual assistance treaty with it and obtained the right to set up military bases and garrisons in the above three countries. 1940 from may to June, the Soviet union invaded Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia on the pretext of destroying the mutual assistance treaty. 1On the evening of June 26th, 946, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum to Romania, demanding that Romania cede the northern parts of Bissarabia and Bugovina. Romania turned to Germany for help and was rejected. Germany and Italy also put pressure on Romania, and Romania had to agree to the demands of the Soviet Union. /kloc-in July, 2000, the Soviets quickly occupied Bissalabia and northern Bugovina. Soon, the two places merged to form Moldavia Soviet Socialist Republic and merged into the Soviet Union. In this way, the Soviet Union finally completed the construction of the "Eastern Front".

German air strikes against Britain (Battle of Britain)

1June 940, the Germans occupied France; In July, the Germans made a plan to invade Britain from the sea, in an attempt to seize the air superiority through bombing and ensure a smooth landing. To this end, the German Air Force prepared about 2,400 combat aircraft to attack Britain. On August 12, German planes began to attack Britain. Since then, the scale of air strikes has increased day by day, focusing on bombing British coastal air bases, naval vessels and aircraft factories. There are only about 700 fighter planes in Britain, but Britain has a newly invented radar. By using radar, Britain has established a strict air defense system consisting of fighter planes, anti-aircraft guns, radar, searchlights and blocking balloons. Organize interception in time and use correct tactics to resist the invasion of large aircraft groups with a small number of troops. On September 7, the German Air Force began bombing London day and night in an attempt to force the British Air Force to fight a decisive battle against London, and at the same time destroy Britain's fighting potential and shake its fighting will. On September 8 ~ 15, the two sides successively carried out large-scale air combat, and the British fighters fought bravely, and the German bombers suffered serious losses. The Germans never gained air superiority. In June 5438+10/mid-October, the Germans decided to give up the "sea lion" plan. Later, the Germans transferred the air force to the east to fight against the Soviet Union, and finally stopped bombing Britain. Although the bombing of Britain by German planes caused many civilian casualties, the damage to British industrial production was not great. The British aviation industry can continuously supply fighters to the British Air Force. The German Air Force suffered heavy losses. According to the British official post-war announcement, from July of 1940 to June of 10, the British army * * * shot down 1 733 German planes, while Britain lost only 9 15. The German army's operational intention has never been realized, and it has been in the dilemma of fighting on two fronts.

France's rout

On May 14, the Germans broke through the French border and bypassed maginot line to enter France. It also broke through the Wei Gang defense line hastily established by Wei Gang, commander-in-chief of the French army, on the Somme and Aina rivers. Italy declared war on Britain and France on June 10, and sent troops to attack the southeast of France. 14, the Germans occupied Paris, undefended city. At 2 1, the whole area north of the Loire River was occupied. On the 22nd, France surrendered. The north and southwest were directly occupied by the Germans, and other unoccupied areas were ruled by the puppet government established by Petain, because the capital was located in Vichy, also known as Vichy government.