What is "openness and prohibition"

In the 28th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1902), the Qing Dynasty abolished the policy of "border ban" which had been implemented for more than 250 years before, officially opened up wasteland and changed private farming to official farming. The so-called "New Deal" implemented by the Qing rulers in Inner Mongolia opened the door for a large number of mainlanders from China to flood into grassland areas, starting from the western regions such as Chahar and Wulanchabu, and then a large number of China people moved to the eastern regions such as Zhaowuda and Zhelimu. In the so-called "immigration border" climax from 1902 to 1908, 7.57 million mu of land was reclaimed in the west of Inner Mongolia and 24.5 million mu in the east.

During the Republic of China, both the Beiyang Warlord Government and the Kuomintang followed the policy of "China into Inner Mongolia" in the Qing Dynasty and formulated many measures to reward reclamation. With the construction of the railway from coastal provinces to Inner Mongolia, a large number of immigrants poured in, expanding the scale of grassland reclamation. In addition to continuing to March into eastern Inner Mongolia through the northeast region to reclaim the areas along the Pingqi Railway in the eastern part of Zhaowuda League and the eastern foothills of Daxinganling in Hulunbeier League, they also flocked to western areas such as the western Hetao and the central part of Yimeng League, opening up many areas unsuitable for farming as farmland. According to the available data, the reclamation area of Suiyuan Province in the period of 19 12- 1949 was about four times that of Inner Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, so it can be inferred that the reclamation scale of Inner Mongolia grassland in the Republic of China will not be smaller than that in the Qing Dynasty. Undoubtedly, no matter in Qing Dynasty or Republic of China, the reclamation areas chosen by the rulers are high-quality grasslands with abundant aquatic plants and suitable climate.

During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the policy of "immigration to the border" and the policy of comprehensive reclamation seriously damaged the grassland ecological environment in Inner Mongolia. Take Erdos as an example. When Kangxi personally signed Grdan, he was still "well-off, with lush livestock and richer than other Mongolians." ..... where water, soil and grain are all suitable ",when War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, it had become a place with poor livelihood, poor livestock and even poorer Mongolia. Take Huade County in the east and Damaoqi in the west as an example, which is more than 380 kilometers long from east to west and 100 kilometers wide from north to south. This area is the birthplace of the famous "Song of Chile". At the beginning of the last century, it was still a high-quality grassland, and its ecological deterioration was mainly caused by unreasonable development activities such as excessive reclamation since the late Qing Dynasty.