Historical evolution of Tongguan

Tongguan has a long history. According to the records of the Tang dynasty, "the past is a peach forest plug." "Zuo Zhuan" also said, "In the thirteenth year of Wengong, Zhan Jia, the minister of Jin Dynasty, suffered from defects and saw Yixian County in Shanxi Province, guarding Taolin." Record. Gudu records: Taolin, in the east of Huayin County, Hongnong, is Tongguan. From Hangu Pass to Sri Lanka, it is higher than Yun Biao, with deep valleys and heavy daytime. Also known as Yuntongguan, also known as Chongguan. The river rushed from Longmen to East China. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the first year of Cao Cao's Jian 'an (196), Tongguan was established and Hangu Pass was abandoned.

In the 16th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (2 12), Cao Cao fought with Ma Chao and Han Sui in Tongguan, and the name of Tongguan first appeared in history. Tongguan Guancheng began in the Han Dynasty, on the port Nanyuan, near Yangjiazhuang.

In the third year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (309), Sima Mo, the king of Nanyang in the Jin Dynasty, sent Zhao Ran to Puban to surrender to Emperor Liu Cong of Hanzhao. Liu Cong made Zhao Ran attack Sima Mo in Chang 'an and fight in Tongguan, and Sima Mo was defeated. Zhao Ran marched straight into Weinan.

In the third year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (328), the late Zhao Emperor Shi Hu attacked Zhao Puban, Liu Yao marched to save Tongguan, and Shi Hu withdrew. In the ninth year of Xianhe (334), after Zhao Hedong, he sent troops to Chang 'an to crusade against Shi Hu, and Shi Hu sent his son Shi Ting as a striker to attack Chang 'an. Shi Sheng sent his general to refuse and fought in Tongguan. After the defeat, the stone handle was sent back to Mianchi.

In the sixth year of Yonghe (350), Fu Jian, the former monarch of Qin Dynasty, sent his brother Fu Xiong to Tongguan. At this time, Du Hong, the secretariat of Zhao Yongzhou, arrived in Chang 'an and sent troops to attack Tongguan North, losing. Fu Jian then entered the customs. In the 10th year of Yonghe (354), Huan Wen, a famous Eastern Jin Dynasty soldier, conquered Qin, but he was also a Tongguan native.

In the 18th year of Taiyuan (393), the frontier commander Yang Fosong rebelled and fled to the later Qin Dynasty. Henan satrap Yang period and other 56-point thrashing, defeated Buddha and Song in Tongguan. After Qin came to the rescue, 8 Jin Army retreated. In the 12th year of Yixi (4 16), Yao Yi rebelled with Puban. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Emperor Yaohong sent a donkey to Tongguan.

In the 13th year of Yixi (4 17), Emperor Wu of Song attacked Qin, and the striker Wang Zhene arrived in Tongguan from Mianchi, while Tan Daoji crossed the river from northern Shaanxi and attacked Puban. Yao Hong ordered Yao Shao to guard Tongguan with 50,000 soldiers and send troops to rescue Pusakan. Shen Linzi said to Tan Daoji, "There are many soldiers in Puban City, so we can't rush out. It is better to fight for Tongguan. " . If you get it, Puban will collapse. From it. Yao Shao went to war and was defeated. In order to get rid of Daoji's route for providing foodstuff, Shaofu made Yao Luantun's main road, namely the three forks in the road. Luan sent Yin Ya to fight in Guannan, and they were all defeated by 8 Jin Army. Shao also sent troops to cut off the waterway on the Tunhe River, which also failed. Emperor Wu of song found Tongguan, hence grams. Emperor Wu of song returned from Chang 'an East. Helian Bobo, king of Xia Dynasty, wanted to tackle key problems. His minister Wang Mai said, Ni Qing and Shangluo are in danger of Niqingguan in the north and south. See Lantian County. The military patrol cut it off in advance, Tongguan blocked the east and cut off its land and water roads, and the three auxiliary services were insufficient. Helian Bobo then sent troops to Chang 'an and ordered his son He Lianchang to come to Tongguan. In the 14th year of Yixi (4 18), during the Chang 'an Rebellion, Zhu Lingshi rushed to Tongguan and Helian Bobo occupied Guanzhong. In the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia in the Southern Song Dynasty (450), he sent troops to the Northern Expedition. On the birthday of Yongzhou Secretariat, he sent Liu and others from Nanyang to the north, entered Lushi, pulled Hongnong, entered Tongguan and attacked them. Lou, the garrison commander of the Northern Wei Dynasty, had to abandon the city, and Pang Faqi, the general, followed suit. Guanzhong heroes, the land where bees rise, and Hu Qiang, four mountains, all came to send money. When Wang and others retreated from the slipway and Wei Jun went deep, Song Zhu was recalled, because it was not suitable for others to go alone.

In the 29th year of Yuanjia (452), Zang Zhi, the secretariat of Yongzhou, was sent back to Tongguan. Ren Wei heard about it and sent troops to guard it.

In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (527), Mo Zhennian was born in the Guanzhong Uprising and sent troops to Tongguan, which was recovered by Wei. Soon, Xiao rebelled against Guanzhong and sent troops to defend Tongguan. Send someone to inquire. Yang Kan called Hengnong naive: in the past, Wei Wu, Han Sui and Ma Chao refused to pass Tongguan, so they were superior and not enemies of Wu Wei. However, those who are hesitant about the result for a long time will seize the danger and avoid it. Nowadays, the defense of thieves has been strengthened. Although Wei Wu has come back from the dead, there is no way to use his wisdom and courage. Please divide your troops from Puban to the west. From it. When I was young, I passed through Tongguan and entered Hedong. In the third year of Yongxi (534), Gao Huan entered Luo and Wei Zhu entered the west. Huan Zi pursued them, reached Hongnong, captured Tongguan and entered Huayin. Try to retreat to the east of Tunhe River, lest the snow stay in Tongguan. He attacked Tongguan again and killed Yu.

In the second year of Tian Ping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Sima Ziru and others attacked Tongguan, and Yu Wentai took over to prepare for the war. In three years, Gao Aocao was sent back to Shanghai to play, and Dou Taiqu was sent to Tongguan. Huanjun Puban built three bridges and wanted to cross the river. Yu Wentai wants to attack Tongguan Army first. There is a valley on the left of the pass, called Xiao Pass. Yu Wenshen, please choose the elite and sneak out to attack the thief. From it. Dou Tai failed, and Huan Army retreated. In the fourth year of Baoding in the following year, Yuwen Hu cut the Turkish army to Tongguan and sent Wei Chijiong as the vanguard, which made Luoyang interesting. When Xuan Shuai was a soldier in Shannan, Zhou people had a place of Jingxiang. Shannan is called Jingxiang, and it is very interesting to see Runing House in Henan. Yang started his career and went to Guan Shaojun, which is now Yuanqu County, Shaanxi Province. See Jiyuan County, Henan Province. In the second year, Wei Chijiong asked to transfer troops to Xiangzhou to visit Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Yang Shangxi will be sent to Tongguan, a town soldier. In the seventh year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty, the official road was moved between the northern and southern towns. The bugle sounded in the valley of the beast's threshold and went to the old customs for more than forty miles. In the 13th year, Tang helped Hexi advance, and sent the prince to build a chariot to see Huayin County and guard Tongguan for Dongbing. Qu Tutong led the troops from Hedong to Chang 'an, but Tang Jun refused, protecting Tongguan North City in the east and fighting Tang.

In the seventh year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 1 1), Guancheng moved to Yangjiazhuang, the northern village of Cheng Nan, and was sandwiched with the northern Guancheng in Hannan, forming two Guancheng. The situation was even more sinister. In the second year of the Tang Dynasty (69 1), Tongguan moved from Yuan Shang north to Xia Yuan, and built roads along the river, which is now Tongguan. In order to consolidate their dominant position, rulers of past dynasties stationed heavy troops here and set up customs guards. Tongguan has been repaired many times since the Song and Ming Dynasties and is well preserved. There is a gatehouse built in the Ming Dynasty in Ximen, commonly known as the "Bridge House", which is magnificent.

There is a Qinling barrier in the south, a natural moat of the Yellow River in the north, and natural defense lines across the east and west, such as Forbidden Valley, Yuanwanggou and Manluochuan, which have become "closed Kyushu, birds can't cross". On the forehead of Jindouguan, the gateway of ancient Tongguan, there are three characters of "First Pass" handwritten by Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty. There is a cloud in Shanhaiguan: "Tongguan and Shanhaiguan are the only risks in Guinea." 1703 10, Emperor Kangxi inspected the Upper and Lower Rivers, crossed the Yellow River from Shanxi to fenglingdu and entered Tongguan. Looking up at the majestic ancient city wall, he was amazed and couldn't help admiring. After entering the palace, he wrote a poem "Crossing the Yellow River to Stay in Tongguan", calling Tongguan "the first city in the world". Han Tongguan City is located in the south of Chengbei Village, Tongguan County.

In the seventh year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (665,438+065,438+0), Guancheng moved to the Pit Beast Valley, which is the mouth of the forbidden ditch. In the second year of Tang Dynasty (69 1), he moved to Tongguan City of Sui Dynasty on the south bank of Weihe River of Yellow River. In the tenth year of the first year of Song Xining (1068,1June 077), Chen Yue, an imperial envoy, was sent to expand the army. In the fifth year of Ming Hongwu (A.D. 1372), Liu Tong built a city with thousands of households, and in the ninth year of Ming Hongwu, he commanded Jin Shima to build a city wall, which was later called Ming City. In the Qing Dynasty, it was expanded and renovated, with the Yellow River in the north, Phoenix and Qilin Mountain in the south, and Qilin Mountain in the south of the Yellow River in the east. The east-west avenue is near Henan in the west and along Xiangshan. There are six doors, each with two holes and an urn connected to it. The east gate is called Jin Dou, which was originally named "Ying En" and later changed to "Fan Ping Er Shaanxi"; It was called "Huaiyuan" in the west, and later changed to "controlling Sanqin". There are two south gates. The one in the east is called Shangnan Gate, which was originally named Lingyun, later changed to Linyou and later changed to Lanshan. In the west, it is called the South Gate, originally called "Yingxun" and later changed to "Feng □". There are also two north gates. The one in the west is Dabei Gate, which was first called "Sucking Flood" and later changed to "Dominating Britain". There are two water gates in the north and south, seven gates in the north and south, and an overpass inside; Nine doors were built in the north gate. There are six doors, except the south gate, two in the east and two in the west. Water flows through the city and flows into the Yellow River via the Golden Boy Bridge. In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Feng Yuxiang built the Tonghe Bridge. There are Jinling Temple, Bell Tower, Wanghe Building, Lvzu Temple, Reading Building, Xiangshan Temple, Archway, pavilions, and so on. It is called "resplendent and magnificent, reflecting Sichuan."

During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese aggressor troops shelled across the river and bombed by planes. By building fortifications, the Kuomintang army demolished a large number of buildings, and the West Gate Tower and the Arrow Tower were burned down. After liberation, the party and the government allocated special funds to repair some buildings in the county. However, in the late 1950s, the central government decided to build Sanmenxia Reservoir and demolish the buildings in Tongguan City. Tongguan is an ancient military camp, and its place names have a strong military color, such as Dai Ziying and Sijiaoying. Let's go and see the ancient battlefield where Li Zicheng attacked Nanyuan. Tongguan residents are mostly descendants of ancient military camps.

I just returned to the field and became a farmer honestly. I remember a man named Zhao Jiacun, whose folkway was unruly and completely different from the surrounding villages. The people in Zhaojiacun look like Mongolians beyond the Great Wall with long and thin eyes and a flat and wide face. Several of them have collapsed since the 1980s because of robbery. There is also a man named He Jialing, who is a descendant of the He family, a military commander in northern Shaanxi. According to his ancestors, he is a descendant of the Sogdians in Central Asia. Although he is not a military commander, he may have been exiled to the East when Gu Taibai broke the river. In my generation, I was completely submerged in the East, leaving only some oral memories.

During the Republic of China, many people from Henan and Shandong entered Shaanxi along the Longhai Line because the Yellow River burst its banks. In fact, from Shanzhou, Henan Province, it entered the cultural boundary of Guanzhong, with similar Shaanxi Guanzhong accent and similar specialties, such as persimmons, apples and China steamed buns. The refugees who entered Shaanxi also brought diverse food culture, and Henan hot soup became the regular breakfast in Shaanxi. This is like boiled beef buns brought by the conference semifinals in the western regions, and Islamic culture gradually penetrated into the birthplace of ancient China. Culture is inclusive and distinctive in Guanzhong.

Liang Xiwa's Chinese hamburger, Yellow River catfish soup, Tongguan pickles, sliced duck soup and boiled beef steamed buns are all special diets in Tongguan. When Empress Dowager Cixi took refuge in xi 'an, Tongguan pickles were praised by people. The yellow river catfish soup is delicious, and all the materials are wild catfish in the yellow river water; Liang Xiwa's meat loaf is good at his Baekje cake, which is crisp but not burnt, unlike Henan's meat loaf, which needs juice, so it is crispy and delicious when it is hot.

On the whole, the development of Tongguan is characterized by the unification of the northwest, which is conservative and backward. Although so many immigrants came to the northwest after liberation, one thing they actually did was to dig up the minerals in the northwest and transport them to the east of China. Leave the local simple and poor northwest people unwilling to leave their homeland. Tongguan local rich gold mine is extracted from ore, which is different from Zhaoyuan gold mine in Shandong Province. This has caused serious groundwater pollution and air pollution. However, CICC is still grabbing gold coins from Qinling all the time. When the vein dries up, it is time for them to leave. It is said that the largest gold mine in Asia was discovered in Wenxian County, Longnan, Gansu Province, which pitied the beautiful scenery of Daba Mountain and the poor and simple people there. As early as the Zhenguan period in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, a generation of Tianjiao gifted scholar, once praised Tongguan's boldness and courage with the reputation of "leading Beijing to the front". When the wheel of history entered the last prosperous period of China's feudal history, the two emperors visited Tongguan many times and praised it as "the first city in the world" and "the first customs in the world" respectively.

Note on Water Classics: The river is in the pass, flowing south and rushing into the pass, so it is called Tongguan. The so-called Taoyuan in the Jin Dynasty was blocked, and the so-called Huayang in the Qin Dynasty was also blocked. There is water in the west and rivers in the northeast. The river flows from the northeast of Tongguan, and there is a long Sakamoto at the water's edge, which is called Huangjuan Sakamoto and is found in Henan Province. Next to Duxi, I want to ascend to Tongguan.

Pan yue's western levy: tracing back to the yellow river to help children. Through this, I got out of the East Mine, called Hanguguan. The deep shore is high, the valley is deep, the channel is narrow and the car is not square, which is called natural barrier.

"Tongguan" written by Zhang Chuanshan, a great poet and painter in the Qing Dynasty, says: "Easy communication in times of peace, flattery in the river. A song of smoked cucumber vine water, several peaks are green and beautiful. Deng Wei's brand is strong and powerful, calling for wine to cook sheep and keeping officials idle. The most is the Qingyang shed, the red shirt and green hat studio. " The poem of Chen Yunhe, a contemporary scholar, is a portrayal: "fenglingdu has no boat so far, and the old Tongguan has replaced the iron bridge." .