Discrimination: Guerrilla warfare plays an important role in the revolutionary history of China.

On February 25th, Mao Zedong put forward the guerrilla tactics of the Red Army.

1930 65438+On February 25th, the General Front Committee of the Red Army held a swearing-in meeting for the Soviet army and people in Xiaobu, Ningdu, Jiangxi. Mao Zedong personally wrote for the meeting, "The enemy advances and retreats, the enemy disturbs me, the enemy is tired and I fight, the enemy retreats and I chase, and the odds of guerrilla warfare; Stride forward and retreat, lure the enemy deeper, concentrate troops and destroy the enemy in mobile warfare ",and made a mobilization report on the theme of couplets, expounding his guerrilla tactical thoughts against" encirclement and suppression ". Previously, Fang Zhimin and others summarized the Red Army's operational principle as "take it by surprise and attack it by surprise" when summing up the experience of guerrilla warfare in northeast Jiangxi. The transfer from east to west, escaping from reality and attacking emptiness; Whether to fight or not depends on us, concentrate superior forces and lure the enemy in; Punch holes, ambush, cut off food routes, and take tonics; Eat if you can, and run if you can't. "

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Another: classic guerrilla tactics.

Guerrilla tactics: an auxiliary military means to use much less troops or manpower than the enemy to attack through various attacks and destruction of the enemy's infrastructure, delay the destruction of the other side's military actions and layout, and actively mobilize the enemy, thus preparing the main force for an all-round attack on the enemy. Or by carrying out local attacks on the dominant occupying forces, thus greatly increasing their stationing expenses and eventually forcing them to evacuate and end the occupation.

However, guerrilla warfare needs special attention in two aspects: localization and regional cooperation.

1 rural guerrilla tactics

Rural guerrilla warfare is the most traditional classical guerrilla warfare. In the history of traditional guerrilla warfare, it has been practiced in vast areas and achieved good results. However, with the enhancement of the superior enemy's mechanized armor and electronic reconnaissance capability, the combat effect has obviously decreased. The usual tactics are: ambush, sniper, harassment, sneak attack and sabotage. Among them, ambush, sniper and harassment are mainly aimed at marching field troops, while sneak attack and destruction generally target fixed targets such as military facilities.

One of the most important means is ambush and sniper. Of course, as an ordinary field mode, ambush is obviously different from guerrilla mode. The biggest difference is that the main goal of ordinary field operations is to completely annihilate the enemy, and the secondary goal is to strike or defeat the enemy. However, the guerrilla warfare mode only aims at attacking or defeating the enemy at first, and the primary task of tactical planning is to give the enemy a safe evacuation after a certain attack. Because by fighting the enemy, the field troops can give them a major substantive blow even if they can't destroy their opponents, thus facilitating the safe evacuation. The premise of guerrilla warfare is that it can't cause a substantial blow to the enemy's combat effectiveness, so the most important goal is to evacuate safely and maintain combat effectiveness for the next round of attacks.

Blockade in the field is simplified to sniper in guerrilla warfare. Because there is no ability to compete with the enemy for fixed positions repeatedly in guerrilla warfare, the task of blocking is simplified to fire suppression and delaying the enemy's movement. Therefore, the swimming sniper tactics have been maximized. Therefore, snipers who suppress the enemy's combat effectiveness as much as possible with the least number of troops can be used as an integral part of ambush tactics, a major part of harassment tactics, and an important tactic for gaining the initiative in guerrilla warfare.

From the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, we can know that with the improvement of the equipment protection ability of the dominant occupying forces, the difficulty of ordinary ambush operations has increased, so sniper tactics have become the first choice of rural guerrilla tactics. Especially against those fast-moving field troops. However, ambush tactics have been reduced to only attacking small-scale conventional patrol units of superior occupying forces. It has even become a cutting-edge part of sniper tactics. Of course, this is the same idea in traditional field operations, but in guerrilla tactics, it has become ambush and sniper support. Sticking to the idea of traditional field ambush tactics is one of the reasons for the heavy losses of Iraqi resistance forces.

Let's analyze the difference between a small and medium-sized guerrilla with 30 people aiming at a small patrol with two or three military vehicles and eight occupation troops.

Assuming that the reaction speed of the occupying forces is five minutes and the vehicle speed is 60Km/H, the battlefield can be set at a distance of about 20~30Km from the occupying forces' camp. Of course, according to the specific patrol arrangements of the occupying forces, if they are conducting uninterrupted patrols, they can only ambush points, sniper reinforcements or simply snipe. If the occupying forces patrol not far from the garrison, or the distance between two military garrison points is less than 60 kilometers, the ambush tactics must rely on the coordinated operations of other guerrillas.

When the distance between the two places is more than one hour's drive, the occupying forces have a reaction time of more than 20 minutes from reaction to reaching the ambush circle. It makes sense to ambush at this time. Otherwise, it can only be based on sniper.

For the traditional ambush tactics, one-fifth of the troops are used to stop the enemy, and four-fifths of the troops are used to ambush, which forms a local advantage for the enemy, so as to annihilate and evacuate quickly. That is, six people blocked the enemy and the other 24 ambushed, forming a local advantage of 3: 1 against the enemy. Moreover, due to the early ambush, the enemy's combat effectiveness can be consumed through traps, mines and obstacles, thus gaining local tactical advantages. This tactical configuration is to achieve the goal of adowa patrol and appropriately damage the target of enemy reinforcements.

However, under the new tactical target, one-fifth of the troops are used as ambush points, while four-fifths of the troops are used for sniper assistance and rapid evacuation. That is to say, 24 people were used to stop the attack, and the remaining 6 people were ambushed. Relying on pre-ambush, the combat effectiveness of patrol troops is mainly consumed through traps, mines and obstacles, thus achieving local tactical stalemate. Attract enemy reinforcements and set up multi-point and multi-level sniper firepower where reinforcements must pass. One of them is that the ambush personnel don't have to look at the results, but keep in touch and wait for the other party to leave when there is no fire entanglement. Snipers will leave contact information in turn after completing the task as planned, and there is no need to confirm the result. The distribution of 24 snipers can be divided into three groups and eight groups. Divided into two echelons, the first echelon, 1 group set up local obstacles on the expressway to detonate mines; The second and third groups are used as the cover of the fire on both sides of the road; Team 4 is doing a fixed sniper in front. Fixed position sniper is generally in the direction of the arrival of reinforcements 300~500 away from the obstacle mine position. In this way, when the enemy is stagnant because of the successful clearing of obstacles by 1 regiment, they can take the opportunity to find the weak link of the other side and carry out a round of sniper attack from behind. Then evacuate quickly. If there are too many reinforcements, don't pester them, give up the sniper and evacuate directly. If the blasting is successful, 1 regiment can also wait for an opportunity to launch a fire attack and then leave. In the disengagement of 1 and 4 groups, when the enemy launched a pursuit operation, 2 groups and 3 groups spread out defensive fire cover and evacuated. If the enemy forces quickly get out of contact and continue to help, they will attack with the 1 group of the second echelon. The second echelon is scattered 500 meters outside the sniper circle of the first echelon. 1 group set up a completely blocked obstacle 500 meters in front of the obstacle of the first echelon. Groups 2, 3 and 4 are distributed in a small fan shape 500 meters away from the first echelon. If the enemy pursues the first echelon, the second echelon is responsible for attacking the pursuing troops. If the enemy continues to carry out the reinforcement plan, it will launch a cruise fire attack on the enemy engineering troops trying to repair the completely blocked obstacles set by 1 regiment. After the 1 regiment of the first echelon and the second echelon completed the retreat and reorganization, they retreated under their cover. Under normal circumstances, if the enemy reinforcements have more than 200 fighters and more than 5 armored vehicles, they can give up contact and all the first echelon will be evacuated after the blasting operation is completed. The second echelon is mainly responsible for fire cover and long-range sniper.

What needs to be explained here is that the so-called countryside here, at least outside the road, is soft mud or woodland that is not suitable for armored vehicles. Otherwise, it is not suitable for ambush and sniper armored vehicles.

Sniper tactics are more commonly used in single sniper ambush. That is, several snipers are taken as an action group, and fixed sniper positions are set near roads or enemy stations where sporadic enemy forces often appear to strike targets with crossfire. Or sniper operations against checkpoints and highway checkpoints. Generally speaking, the 1 action group acts as a sniper, and two or three action groups are responsible for retreat and cover.

The main difference between sneak attack and sniper tactics is that they are aimed at fixed military targets, not just sentries outside the door. Therefore, breaking through the sentry post is only the first step. Even in some battles, a gap is directly blasted outside the fence or a tunnel is dug instead of a frontal breakthrough to attack a fixed target. However, the way of tunneling takes a long time and is easily exposed. In modern times with new weapons such as rockets, it has become an easier and more effective combat mode to launch long-range sneak attack and sabotage attacks on enemy territory. Of course, the precision of long-range attack is not high, and it can't cause direct losses to the enemy, but as a guerrilla tactic, it is really worth popularizing. In addition, it is a more effective guerrilla warfare by destroying its power lines, communication lines and satellite antennas, and by destroying traffic arteries near the station. As well as the subsequent attack on maintenance engineers, it has become a standard tactical cooperation.

Tactical precautions: during the daytime attack, the attack is mainly carried out by the team against the sun, and the team against the sun is responsible for covering. When attacking at night, set more dark fire to distract the enemy's infrared night vision equipment from capturing the target.

2 urban guerrilla tactics

The same is true of urban warfare. We should pay attention to the sturdiness of reinforced concrete buildings, but at the same time we can't ignore its shortcomings. Buildings usually have only a few entrances and exits, so it is most important to plan the evacuation route in advance. Make full use of two-way corridors and cross-block air corridors in dead corners, basements of buildings, especially air-raid shelter systems connected with subway systems.

But we must pay attention to the difference between urban guerrilla warfare and urban street fighting. We can't use the thinking mode of street fighting from house to house to plan urban guerrilla warfare. The essence of guerrilla warfare is to make the enemy exhausted. Therefore, in an urban guerrilla war, snipers in several blocks usually have to cooperate with the enemy to check and prepare for being arrested and interrogated at any time. Usually, after the mobile patrol motorcade is attacked, in the city, the dominant occupying forces can't give full play to their firepower advantages, so they can only use the speed advantage to arrange the encirclement of the block and then review it door to door. In densely populated cities, there may be as many as tens of thousands of people living or working in a block. And when all the people who may be mixed into the guerrillas are screened one by one, at least hundreds of people should be dispatched. At this time, snipers in neighboring blocks can attack occupied targets that stay in the street. Increase its bleeding surface.

If the occupying forces do not search in a large area after being attacked, but pursue one by one, then relying on the sniper's attack in the neighboring blocks can effectively undermine their pursuit and make them lose their targets and withdraw from the scene. You can even attack directly from their rear with a certain amount of mobile firepower, trying to kill more of them.

At the same time, for the occupying forces in the pursuit of the city, the effective use of Huizi Building, dead ends and air walkways to ambush them for the second time can effectively generate combat intimidation.

Of course, it is also possible that after the attack, the other party stopped pursuing because of less damage. At this time, we can evacuate in time and continue the next attack. Because we are in our own city, it is difficult to use tactical weapons such as mines, so urban guerrilla warfare is mainly not the direct lethality of pursuing occupation, but the strategic influence. That is, constant psychological stress. Of course, sometimes in order to enhance a certain deterrent, it is also possible to stop the attack for several weeks in the whole area under the coordination of each other, and then carry out a large-scale all-round attack. But in a sense, continuous low-intensity attacks can also achieve better psychological warfare effects.

The biggest advantage of the occupying forces lies in their armored vehicles, so as long as street fighting is introduced, their combat effectiveness will be lost by more than half.

The so-called advanced tactical combination of tanks, helicopters and digital infantry claimed by the US military in the past. In the actual test, we can only confirm their heavy armored chariots and heavy armored infantry. Helicopters have proved to lack combat defense. In urban guerrilla warfare, their heavily armored chariots only become symbolic equipment of the troops, and they no longer have practical significance. Because guerrillas don't stick to any buildings, reinforced concrete cities can't collapse casually, and chariots without clear goals are basically useless.

However, because cities still have difficulties in armed supply and transportation, and the occupying forces are dominant in number, urban guerrilla warfare must be combined with specific conditions and coordinated with rural guerrilla warfare. Relying solely on urban guerrilla warfare may not necessarily cause a great blow to the occupying forces. In particular, the occupying forces may gather in a few big cities, so it is quite difficult to carry out independent urban guerrilla warfare.

3 jungle mountain guerrilla tactics

In fact, this is also an ordinary guerrilla mode in classical guerrilla warfare. Compared with rural guerrilla warfare, it is more common and suitable for ambush operations. Because of terrain factors, it can usually play a greater operational advantage. It is often more convenient to transfer and retreat. However, compared with the plain countryside, food preparation and personnel contact may not be convenient enough. So be sure to pay attention to the reserve of necessities.

4 coastal island guerrilla tactics

It is divided into a maritime combat part and a land combat part that relies on small boats to fight. Maritime combat is mainly aimed at the attack of a single patrol ship. Land war is an attack on cargo transportation at the dock. But if there is not enough depth, it is difficult to fight alone on the island, more on the coast.

Another mode of guerrilla warfare at sea is to transport combat troops into or attack ports. The biggest key problem is how to hide yourself in the vast sea and avoid being discovered by the occupying forces.

Guerrilla tactics of desert ice sheet

This kind of terrain is vast and sparsely populated, and the cost of guerrilla warfare is relatively high. This is mainly a devastating attack on the transport lines of the occupying forces. Even continuous attacks. Achieve the purpose of blocking its backup. Generally only used as a tactic. As a separate tactic, it seems unlikely.

6 Special guerrilla tactics

It refers to the trained special guerrillas who launch direct military attacks on enemy reserve bases and even some transportation centers in the enemy's homeland. It usually happens between countries with land borders. But it can also be a special guerrilla tactic organized by the nationals and descendants of the occupied country in the occupation army's homeland or the nationals of the occupied country in the neighboring occupation army's homeland. Special here does not refer to special forces, but as a guerrilla tactic with no base, no backup and no public support.

Seven points for attention in guerrilla tactics

Success rate, smooth evacuation, success.

The success rate emphasized here is actually a smooth evacuation. The so-called result is also more based on the success rate of the attack. If we ignore evacuation and blindly pursue brilliant achievements, it will not only hit the fighting capacity of guerrillas and undermine the stability of guerrilla areas, but also undermine the people's ability to withstand long-term guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare is bound to be long-term and difficult, so we must always protect ourselves and make long-term and sustained plans. Constantly cultivate their own combat effectiveness. If the loss of resistance is too great, it may arouse people's greater patriotic enthusiasm, but it will also make people lose the will to resist and the confidence to win.

Guerrilla warfare is not a field battle, not a battle with annihilation as its main purpose, but a battle with sniper harassment as its main purpose. And seize the opportunity to ambush and attack. Destroy the effective rule and management of the occupying forces with a positive attitude.

Summary: the limitations of guerrilla warfare, its historical position, and the significance of guerrilla warfare in the war of independence and the civil revolution.

1 the limitations of guerrilla warfare

As I said before, guerrilla warfare is not a field battle, not a battle with annihilation as its main purpose, but a battle with the main purpose of stopping harassment. And seize the opportunity to ambush and attack. Destroy the effective rule and management of the occupying forces with a positive attitude. Therefore, although guerrilla warfare is an effective form of war, it also has certain limitations. Guerrilla warfare cannot be realized in all war situations. This limitation mainly stems from the characteristics of guerrilla warfare itself.

First, the initiator of guerrilla warfare is usually the weak side in the war; Second, guerrilla warfare is carried out at home and the enemy is fighting at home; Third, guerrilla warfare cannot annihilate the enemy on a large scale, so it cannot defeat the enemy quickly. These characteristics determine that the party launching guerrilla warfare has to pay a much higher war price than the enemy. This could be devastating. Even after winning the war, its economic recovery lags far behind the enemy. Moreover, the victory of this guerrilla warfare, if not in line with the expansion of guerrillas into field troops or relying on the assembly of field main forces to win the battlefield, can only be a military retreat caused by the internal economic and political changes of the enemy. This kind of military evacuation cannot guarantee relative security, and the other party can continue to station at any time.

It is particularly emphasized that even military withdrawal can only happen in some semi-democratic countries. Because guerrilla warfare cannot cause a heavy blow to the economy of the occupying power, it is unlikely that the occupying forces will leave because of economic factors. Only by relying on the casualties caused by guerrilla warfare and the psychological panic caused to the enemy people can we force the other side to evacuate militarily.

Of course, if the other side is not a democratic country, then the internal force of this military retreat is relatively weak. Especially in authoritarian countries, there is no pressure to withdraw troops at all, and guerrilla warfare at this time can only become a symbolic resistance.

Especially in the war of national slavery under dictatorship, guerrilla warfare is of little significance or even impossible to realize. Because the rulers directly used bloody means to carry out high-pressure management on conquered peoples, such as Sparta in ancient Greece. At this time, guerrilla warfare has lost the possibility of existence. Similarly, at the beginning of World War II, the fact that China's Northeast Anti-Japanese Union lost its guerrilla base under the great military pressure of the Japanese Kwantung Army and its extreme ruling policy of garrisoning villages proved that guerrilla warfare could not be realized in the war of national slavery. Take China's pre-Qin war years as an example. There was no basis for guerrilla warfare at that time. Killing and trapping prisoners have also become more effective military means to prevent guerrilla warfare.

Therefore, guerrilla warfare must cooperate with the changes of the enemy's situation and finally win, otherwise it is impossible to win a simple war.

2 The history and present situation of guerrilla warfare

There has been no guerrilla warfare since ancient times, because wars between tribes are direct conflicts and do not aim at conquering each other. The only thing close to guerrilla warfare is pirate attacks. But pirate attacks are not so much guerrilla warfare as terrorist activities. Therefore, the early European slave hunting in Africa can only be called terrorist activities, not an informal guerrilla warfare model. Even the magnificent peasant movement in China's history can only be called mobile warfare rather than guerrilla warfare because it has no base areas. Therefore, in the Opium War, the tactics of the British army could not be called guerrilla warfare, but only mobile warfare.

Generally speaking, we know that the Roman Empire and the Daqin Empire built the Great Wall of Wan Li in order to prevent the invasion of Germans and Huns. However, although barbarians practice mobile harassment tactics, their political structure and social organization are usually not destroyed by the great empire and will not be colonized. Even if defeated by the empire, the empire usually allows them to keep their own social organizations and not send troops for a long time. Therefore, the fighting around the border at this time is not guerrilla warfare. Moreover, in the imperial era, judging from the history that every citizen in classical Rome was a regular army, what happened was only a national war with the typical mode of slaughter and pit of prisoners of war. Therefore, small and weak ethnic groups are usually exiled, and they have lost their homes, making it difficult to gain the geographical advantages needed for guerrilla warfare. Therefore, we can see that after the Babylonian Empire released the Jewish people to Jerusalem, there was no Jewish war of independence, while after the Roman Empire allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem, there were several wars of independence in Jerusalem. But this is still a typical national war that ended in a massacre.

Therefore, guerrilla warfare is at least a form of war that will appear after the end of the classical national war represented by the Holocaust. So the classic guerrilla warfare we can confirm is an example in modern history. Moreover, guerrilla warfare is the mainstay, and few people can win.

Legend has it that Switzerland's independence originated from mountain guerrilla warfare, which eventually forced Austria to end colonial rule. However, as a part of the holy Roman Empire in the feudal era of Europe, it is difficult for us to infer what kind of history this war of independence might be in the context of the struggle for hegemony between Austria and China.

However, generally speaking, it is generally believed that the American War of Independence is the starting point of the history of guerrilla warfare. Moreover, for a long time after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the United States did not form a regular army on a large scale, relying on scattered militia groups. Therefore, the Continental Army led by Washington is usually regarded as a temporary field army composed of militia. In addition, the main event in the war was the spontaneous fighting reached by the local militia. So this war is recognized as a classic example of guerrilla warfare.

In this war, the North American militia, which had not experienced the test of the great war, dragged down Britain, which was known as the world's first power at that time, through the guerrilla tactics of individual invasion. Created a miracle in the history of world wars.

Later, in the Second World War, the anti-fascist guerrilla warfare represented by Mao Zedong and Tito finally defeated fascism with the help of the international community and gained state power. Thus set off the climax of organizing guerrilla warfare. Until the victory of the Cuban revolution, it reached a peak of guerrilla warfare.

Because of this, Guevara's guerrilla centralism tactical thought came into being. Trying to achieve the goal of total victory through a simple guerrilla revolution. However, the subsequent failure tells us that it is impossible to achieve total victory in the revolutionary war only by guerrilla tactics. Due to the limitations of guerrilla warfare, it can only be an auxiliary means of field operations rather than a substitute. Just as a terrorist attack can only cause the outbreak of World War I, it cannot change the world pattern.

Guerrilla warfare has its positive significance in resisting colonial rule and pursuing national independence and freedom, but it can't avoid being pushed into trouble by the national war. The fact that ernesto guevara and Shining Road set up guerrillas in Indian settlements in South America, but they were unable to confront the colonial national government tells us that guerrilla warfare has a limited role in national wars.

So we come to the conclusion that guerrilla warfare in colonies and revolutionary guerrilla warfare in narrow areas are more effective, but it is very difficult for colonies with national wars or ethnic expulsion of immigrants.

3 the significance of guerrilla warfare in the war of independence and the domestic revolution

In the North American War of Independence, the North American militia, who had hardly experienced the test of the great war, used the guerrilla tactics of individual invasion to bring down Britain, which was then known as the world's number one power, through the eight-year war. Created a miracle in the history of world wars. It is regarded as the starting point of guerrilla warfare history.

In World War II, the anti-fascist guerrilla warfare, represented by Mao Zedong and Tito, finally defeated fascism and gained state power with the help of the international community. Thus set off the climax of guerrilla warfare. Until the victory of the Cuban revolution, it reached a peak of guerrilla warfare.

Here we can say that the North American War of Independence represents the first time that guerrilla warfare has become an important form of war and sniper has become an important tactical mode.

Mao Zedong also clearly pointed out in his military discourse on guerrilla warfare against Japan that guerrilla warfare must be transformed into mobile warfare, and guerrilla warfare is to consolidate base areas, develop revolutionary forces, and finally realize the transformation of military forces. Therefore, although Mao's military theory raised guerrilla warfare from a purely tactical issue to a strategic issue, he did not deny the decisive factors of regular warfare and mobile warfare. It can be said that Mao's definition of guerrilla warfare is accurate.

After Guevara successfully seized the Cuban regime through guerrilla warfare, he began to be superstitious about the power of guerrilla warfare, thus misjudging the comparison between the enemy and ourselves, which led to a series of revolutionary armed struggles in Africa and South America being frustrated. We make the following analysis:

The role of guerrilla warfare in the colonial war of independence is different from that in the civil revolutionary war. Through guerrilla warfare, the armed forces of the colonial people can defeat the armed forces of the colonists. This is because the colonial people's pursuit of national independence in the Wang Yang sea, like a lonely boat in a raging sea, swallowed up the fragile and isolated colonists. However, in the face of national war, the possibility that small and weak ethnic groups intend to gain national independence through guerrilla warfare is determined by the strength comparison and will competition between the two sides. Even in the air forever. Such as the question of Palestine.

The significance of guerrilla warfare in the domestic revolution is only propaganda. Whether the revolution can win depends on the specific situation of domestic contradictions. In countries with mature revolutionary conditions, a one-time successful revolution like Russia can occur. In countries where conditions are not mature enough, revolutionary setbacks will occur. If we rashly launch guerrilla warfare, hoping to win an all-round victory, but we can't fully understand the arduousness and long-term nature of guerrilla warfare, and we don't persist in cultivating talents and building base areas for a long time, revolutionary losses will occur. Cuba's victory is a special case, at least with certain historical particularity.

Therefore, we must be soberly aware that guerrilla warfare is only a tactical means, not a fundamental way to win. Changes in the political situation must be accompanied by military means.