After the destruction of the ancient civilizations in the two river basins, which countries will inherit and carry forward their civilization achievements?

Historical background of Iraq

Source: Australian News Article Editor: Yiguang Compilation Date: August 22, 2005, 20: 29: 33

These days, the American ambassador plenipotentiary is putting pressure on the Iraqi interim government in the city, forcing them to complete the drafting of the new constitution within one week. Iraq is a country full of contradictions. It has never been calm for a hundred years. It has always been the fat that western countries are eager to swallow, so they all create ethnic divisions and support cronies there.

Iraq is located in the Tigris River and Euphrates River basins, which was called Mesopotamia in history. The history of civilization can be traced back to 12000 years ago, and it is one of the oldest cradles of civilization in the world. From 10 century to 12 century, nearly 300 years ago, Baghdad was the capital and cultural center of the Islamic Empire. 1258, Mongolian fighters captured Baghdad and suffered the most serious civilization catastrophe. In the 16th century, the rise of Turkey established a powerful Ottoman Empire, restored the Islamic civilization in Baghdad, stopped the sectarian conflict between Iraqi Shiites and Sunni Muslims, and established Sunni Muslims as the main force of the government. Turkey divides today's Iraq into three local administrative regions, with Baghdad, Mosul and Bachelard as their capitals. Through the jurisdiction of these three strongholds, Turkey has effectively controlled the tribal forces in various places and has been safe for more than 300 years.

During the First World War, Britain invaded Baghdad at 192 1 when the situation in the Middle East was chaotic and the Ottoman Empire of Turkey couldn't take care of itself, and plotted with France to unilaterally declare the Sykes-PicotAgreement between Britain and France to replace Turkey's occupation of Baghdad, and designated Iraq as Britain's "trusteeship".

Manage the territory of other countries by yourself. The British colonial government finally found a satisfactory agent, and in 192 1, Mecca tribe Sharif? Hussein's son Faisal pushed Iraq to the "throne", according to the British orientalist Gertrude? The plan studied by Gertrude Bell has drawn a "national border" for Iraq, and the British government is only responsible for controlling the puppet government in Baghdad and managing the three regions in a unified way. Iraq is even more restless, and there are uprisings everywhere, resisting British colonial slavery. 1930, Britain announced that the trusteeship was not smooth. 1932, under the supervision of Britain, it was forced to grant Iraq the "right of independence". After nominal independence, Iraq was still occupied by British troops, suppressing anti-British uprisings and killing people everywhere. When World War II broke out in Europe, Britain mobilized troops stationed in Iraq to defend Britain. Iraq's anti-British sentiment was high, and it joined the "Axis" group headed by Germany to participate in the anti-British struggle. 1939, British troops landed in Baghdad again to suppress the pro-German forces in Iraq.

After World War II, with the disintegration of the British Empire, American forces invaded the Middle East, replacing the control of the traditional British and French colonies. A pro-Western person called Baghdad a "democratic government". 1958 A coup took place, King Faisal II was murdered and General Hashim seized power. Five years later, Hashim was assassinated and the Iraqi nationalist Baath Party came to power. The CIA saw an ambitious Iraqi youth Saddam Hussein on the campus of Cairo University in Egypt. Hussein, after many investigations, found that this man has a bright future. Saddam Hussein was supported by the United States as the new president of Iraq in 1979. In the second year of his presidency, he obeyed the strategic planning of the United States, won the support of large-scale weapons from the United States, and launched a war against Iran in an attempt to destroy the Islamic revolutionary regime in Iran. The war lasted for eight years, and more than one million soldiers were killed on both sides.

The latest world strategy formulated by the United States used the "9- 1 1 incident" as an excuse to attack unsuspecting Islamic countries. First, it captured Afghanistan, then invaded Iraq in March 2003, overthrew Saddam Hussein's regime, and the US military directly managed the Iraqi government. These two countries used to be the sphere of influence of British colonialism, so Britain followed the United States to send troops, profiting from them and making money. The anti-war sentiment in Britain is high, and citizens demand to announce the withdrawal plan from Iraq first. Secretary of Defense John? Reid said, "Our work there is not finished yet." He also said: "We will fight side by side with the Iraqi people until a new democracy is achieved." He refused to provide a timetable for ending the occupation of Iraq. Every day, the American ambassador urges the interim government to obey the intentions and plans of the United States, sign a new Iraqi constitution that satisfies the United States, and then "have laws to follow" to protect the interests of the United States.

The Republic of Iraq lies between Arabian Peninsula, Asia Minor Peninsula and Iranian Plateau. It borders Turkey in the north, Iran in the east, Syria and Jordan in the west, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in the south and the Persian Gulf in the southeast. Baghdad, the capital, is the transportation hub of the Middle East.

Most of Iraq's territory is on the Mesopotamian plain, and the famous Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow through the middle of the plain.

Iraq has an area of 4418.39 million square kilometers and a population of about 2,365,438+million. Among them, Arabs account for 73.5%, Kurds account for 2 16%, and the rest are Turks, Armenians, Assyrians, Jews and Iranians. Arabic is the official language, Kurdish is the official language in the northern Kurdish region, and Persian is spoken by some tribes in the eastern region. General English. 95% of the residents believe in Islam (Shiites account for 54.5%, Sunnis account for 40.5%, and a few people believe in Christianity or Judaism, accounting for 36% of the national population.

Iraq has a long history, and the city-state appeared in 4700 BC. In 2000 BC, the Kingdom of Babylon, known as one of the "four ancient civilizations", was established.

In 762 AD, Baghdad was designated as the capital by the caliph of Abbas and became a world-famous metropolis. Many stories in Arabian Nights take the majestic Baghdad as the main scene. The Kassem Mosque in the picture is the mausoleum site of King Mansour, the founder of Baghdad.

Iraq has suffered many foreign attacks in history. Persians, the Arab Empire, Mongolia and the Ottoman Empire successively occupied it. In the 1920s, it became the "mandated territory" of Britain. 192 1 year, the Faisal dynasty was established. 1On July 4th, 958, the dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of Iraq was founded.