Introduction to Dodd Cassionos

Dodekaschoinos (literally meaning "Twelve Cities" in Greek) is the name of Lower Nubia, which became an important province of Ptolemy after Meroi's Tenubia was annexed by Egypt. After the Egyptian conquest in 30 BC, this area was influenced by Rome in 1 century BC. Its area extends between the first and second waterfalls of the Nile in ancient Kush, although some areas are in modern Egypt.

The history of Ptolemy's rule over the kingdom

Ptolemy's influence on Nubia began with the movement against the kingdom of Miro led by Ptolemy II (283-246 BC). In 275 BC, it successfully conquered the provinces that were later called "Twelve Cities". Then it was managed by the Egyptians (the name for the divided provinces of Egypt). At first, it was technically part of baid nome, but in fact, it was managed by the commander in charge of the soldiers stationed in the area. This situation remained until the 2nd century BC, when the region and its civilian governor reunited with the huge Nome, instead of becoming a part of the Banom.

When Ptolemy V recaptured the province, he occupied Dodeca Sauinos & Philae devoted himself to Isis and tried to legalize Ptolemy's rule in this region.

Dodekaschoinos retained most of the local administrative organs, and it seems that he also appointed a Nubian governor, who has power over Nubian residents in the province. Many Nubian residents in this area, like their peers in Egypt, integrated into Ptolemy and later Roman society and obtained Greek language and education, civil rights and Greek or Roman names. Kushite or "Aethiopian" slaves are also widely known in Ptolemy and the Roman world, especially in Upper Egypt, which is closest to Nubia.

Dodekaschoinos was part of the division of Upper Egypt (205- 185 BC) and was supported by the Meroi Kingdom, which tried to recapture the former Nubian territory by forming an alliance with Egyptian rebel factions. When Ptolemy V recaptured the province (about 185- 184 BC), he presented Dodecache enos and Philae to Isis, trying to legalize Ptolemy's rule over the region and please the Isis Temple in Philae.

Trade and cultural significance

It was conquered by Ptolemy Egypt and opened up a new trade route to Ptolemy kingdom, from Nubia to Ptolemy Theron and the border city of elephants. Elephants, in particular, are the centers of ivory, gold, iron and slave trade, and are transported northward through caravan routes connecting border trade cities with the port cities of the Red Sea and other parts of Egypt. African elephants were also imported for war. Ptolemy III (246-222 BC) mentioned this in his dedication, boasting that he was the first person to tame Neanderthals and Ethiopian elephants and use them in war. In his "Christian Topography" (about 550 AD):

The great king Ptolemy, the queen Asin of Ptolemy [II], the brothers and sisters, the children of King Ptolemy [I] and Queen Belegni, the son of Zeus, the paternal descendant of Hercules, and the mother of Dionysus, the son of Zeus, inherited from her father the Egyptian kingdom, the Libyan kingdom, the Syrian kingdom, the Phoenician kingdom, the Cyprus kingdom, the Lucia kingdom, the Caria kingdom and the Kikraze kingdom. He led infantry, cavalry, fleet, cave elephants and Ethiopian elephants into Asia. He and his father were the first people to hunt from these lands and brought them back to Egypt to adapt to military service. (McCrindle, 58 years old)

The Ptolemaic dynasty used African elephants in the war, which ended in the battle of Lafite (2 17 BC) and the battle with Seleucid Empire. This shows that they can't be compared with Asian elephants imported from the East, but the trade of ivory and exotic animals from Nubian Province is still profitable, and elephants continue to be exported for various purposes.

Some people think that in the middle of BC 1 century, the conquest of Egypt by foreign forces and the subsequent invasion of Lower Nubia destroyed the pre-existing power structure and led to the rise of the Meroi Dynasty in Nubia. During this period, it is necessary to change the existing power structure and the relationship between Nubia and its neighboring countries in the north and south, so as to ensure its dominant position in southern Egypt and enable Nubia to dominate the lucrative silk trade routes in East Africa and the Red Sea. Until aksum was replaced by it as a trading power around the 4th century AD, the trade between Africa, Asia and southern Egypt was indispensable to Mero, which was a known world trade center for spices, slaves, gold, iron, wood, animals, ivory, silk and other articles. These changes have also brought new cultural influences to Nubia, because it has established closer ties with the Mediterranean and Asia. Archaeological discoveries of Greek and Roman cultural relics such as jewels and games prove that Mero's extensive trade network in this period is closely related to the Mediterranean trade in Northeast Africa.

During this period, the architectural influence from Ptolemy Egypt also influenced Nubia. Temples like Musawwara et Sufra were built in cooperation with Ptolemaic builders, showing elements of Greek and Egyptian style and traditional Kuhitt design. The "Royal Bathroom" is a sacred place on Mero's water. Its history can be traced back to the 3rd century BC, and in some respects it can be compared with the Greek and Romanesque architectural elements of Alexander or Cyrene. In this site, portraits of Greek gods such as Nubian and Pan were found.

Relationship with Philae

Philae has been the religious and political center of Hassall since Nektanipo I (379-36 BC1year) built the temple in the late ancient Egypt. Under the rule of Pharaoh, the temple was continuously renovated. Because of its geographical location, the fate of this city is often intertwined with the undulating border between lower Nubia and upper Egypt, and it is often used as the connection point between lower Nubia and upper Egypt and between Egyptian rulers and Nubia. During Ptolemy and Rome, it was a symbolic dividing line between Egypt and the 12th Joineau.

There is a commercial network between Nubia and Ptolemy Kingdom through Philae and Dodas Joynos. Regional temples are responsible for supervising trade and donations, and promoting religious ties throughout Egypt and Kush. King Ptolemy built temples in Dodekaschoinos for Thoth and Nubian gods such as arens Nufis and Man Dullis. During some festivals, Nubian gods (that is, statues and their priests) will make a pilgrimage from Nubian temple to Philae along the Nile. Ptolemaic rulers from Ptolemy II to Cleopatra VII (5 1-30 BC) have visited this website. All kinds of dedication recorded Ptolemy's visit to Philae for religious purposes. Some Nubians served as priests in Philae and represented King Meloy in diplomatic capacity in the Isis Temple in Philae. Nubian envoys in Philae are mentioned in various contexts in Ptolemy and Rome. They carry gifts, tributes and diplomatic information.

Dodd Casenos after the Roman conquest of Egypt

After Rome conquered Egypt in 30 BC, the region faced further conflicts and changes, because Augustus (27 BC-A.D. 14) realized the potential dangers and possible opportunities of Nubian rule. Cornelius Gallus, the first governor of Roman Egypt, faced rebellion in upper Egypt and lower Nubia because of tax problems. In 29 BC, but he was able to quickly quell these rebellions, and tried to claim Rome's authority over Nubia according to the stone tablet erected by Philae, which read:

Praefectus Aegypti Cornelius Gallus said that he was proud of his victory: "Gaius Cornelius Gallus is the son of Roman cavalry Gnaeus. After Caesar defeated the king, Alexander and the son of God, the first governor of Egypt, defeated the revolution of Saybad in fifteen days. Defeated the enemy twice in an all-out war, and occupied five cities by force: Boleses, Coptos, Ceramics, Diospolis, Maigari and Orpheon, and occupied the leaders of these revolutions. He led his army through the Nile Falls, where there was neither Roman army nor Egyptian king's army, conquered the source of all the king's fears, listened to the king's messenger, the Ethiopian king, protected the king, and appointed a ruler for Tiracontoshonus [Dodekashoinos]. . . At (? Ethiopian, he [Gallus] presented this dedication, thanking the ancestors' gods and his assistant Nile. " (translated from m soliman)

These actions and arrogance of his achievements led Augustus to deprive him of his command and replace him with Gaius Petroni, who was obviously more successful in the conflict with Nubia and less ambitious in the first county. Augustus replaced him with Eliou Gallus in 26 BC, but when Gallus moved eastward to lead Augustus to implement the plan of conquering * * * (about 25 BC), Armani reinas, Queen of Miro, took the opportunity to invade Dodecasso enos Islands and Upper Egypt. They successfully occupied Sene, Philae and Erfan, where they expelled the Jews. During the raid and occupation, they took away Roman prisoners and several bronze statues of Augustus. One of the statues, known as "Meroe Head" today, was found in 19 10, and was buried under the meroit Temple and dedicated to the Nubian god Arensnuphis, who was the patron saint of war.

In 24 BC, Petroni uz resumed the position of Egyptian governor. In 23 BC, he led an army to crusade south into Mero, which is said to be the southernmost city of Napata, and was dismissed by him. After recovering prisoners and statues and capturing hundreds of Nubians, he retreated to the north and established a new border of Roman territory in Castel Hibry. In 22 BC, Queen Armani Renas retaliated strongly and tried to take back Primis, but Petronius was deadlocked. Later, the kingdom of Meloy offered Petroni uz the hope of negotiation, but Petroni uz chose to give these to Augustus. Around 22-2 1 BC, Augustus agreed to all the terms set by the special envoy of Armani Rinas, and Meroi returned many (but obviously not all) stolen statues and stopped hostilities.

During the Roman Empire, the trade routes and political ties between Nubians and Enos duodenale were strengthened, and Nubians continued to maintain a strong religious and diplomatic force in Philae as far north. Most people in sub-Saharan Africa are usually called "Aethiops". They lived in Egypt and other parts of the Roman Empire as citizens, subjects or slaves. They originated in Nubia and immigrated or exported from there. The importance of the temple network lasted until Philae converted to Christianity in the 4th century, when Christianity became the main religion in Egypt and Nubia, and many temples were abandoned, destroyed or converted into small churches.