What is the situation of contemporary Brazilian drama?

I can't stand the above answer. I'll do it.

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Contemporary Brazilian drama

Zhu Jingdong 20 13-06-2 1

Source: Contemporary Latin American Literature Research (published by Social Science Literature Publishing House on March 20 12)

About the author: Zhu Jingdong, a researcher at the Institute of Foreign Literature, China Academy of Social Sciences.

Brazilian drama has a long history. As early as the16th century, dramatic expressions full of religious colors, such as dialogues and short plays, came into being. Jose? De? Achita's religious short play Guang Chuan (1534- 1597) was one of the most outstanding plays at that time. In the following centuries, Brazilian drama experienced important stages of development, such as social drama, romantic drama, folk drama and realistic drama, and a large number of outstanding writers and works emerged, the most representative of which was Jose? Da? Selva (host), Botho? De? Oliveira (friend to friend and love, deception and jealousy), Gonsalves? De? Ma Jialiang trump card ("Antonio? Jose and Orchato), machado? De? Assis (botany class), franca? Niol (female doctor), Juan? how much is it? Leo (the beautiful lady Burgass), Claudio? De? Sosa (flower in the shadow), Halaszy? Camargo ("God rewards you") and so on. In the long-term development process, although Brazilian drama has been influenced by European romantic drama and custom comedy, it has always been rooted in Brazil and Latin America, based on the social reality of its own continent, and gradually formed a national drama with national style and local characteristics with the efforts of writers of past dynasties.

After entering the 1940s, with the political changes, economic development and literary prosperity in Latin America, Brazilian drama has made greater progress, and the arrival of Polish writers Zin Saaski 194 1 injected fresh blood into the development of Brazilian drama. Deeply influenced by German expressionist literature, he is a talented stage artist-a famous drama director and actor. He brought the drama performance skills of the Soviet Union and Germany to Brazil, and he especially supported the comedian troupe composed of a group of accomplished stage artists in Brazil. Our group was established in 1938. Its outstanding contribution is to end the scattered era of Brazilian drama, attach importance to the role of directors, and emphasize the auxiliary factors of stage performance (scenery, lighting, clothing, sound), thus perfecting the innovation of Brazilian drama, and its appearance marks the beginning of modern Brazilian drama.

The activities of the Comedian Troupe strongly promoted the development of Brazilian drama and the birth of new troupes, including Alfredo? Mesquita's experimental troupe, Deside? Almeida? The college student troupe led by Prado, the lover troupe led by Pernambuco, the black experimental troupe in Rio de Janeiro, and the Italian entrepreneur Francot? The famous Brazilian comedy troupe founded by Sampari.

Since then, although Brazilian drama has been influenced by European and American dramas, a number of outstanding playwrights and drama works with Brazilian national characteristics have emerged. One of the brightest stars is Nelson? Rodriguez (19 12- 1980). Because of the successful performance of his famous play Bridal Dress (1943), he became the most important representative of Brazilian drama at that time. Because The Bridal Dress reveals the inner world of the characters, attaches importance to the popular love theme in the contemporary West, innovates the drama form by expressionism, especially introduces the subconscious activities of people into Brazilian drama, which has caused a profound revolution in drama art. After the emergence of this new drama type, the objective drama plot and plain lines gradually disappear.

The plot of Bridal Dress is not complicated: a woman was injured by a car and sent to the hospital, unconscious, and the surgeon treated her. The newspaper reported the news. However, the woman was seriously injured and eventually died. Although the plot is simple, the specific content contains a series of stories, such as a woman who had a fierce quarrel with her sister to get married before she died; Then she walked into the street, and a powerful and unstoppable force (in the form of a car) killed her.

Rodriguez's plays are praised by both people (calling him the father of modern Brazilian drama) and criticized by others. But his talent for drama is undeniable. One feature of his plays is that they often make the audience feel unhappy: they don't like fierce conflict scenes and unpleasant stage performance atmosphere. In this regard, Rodriguez himself explained:

"Happiness does not belong to drama, and optimism does not belong to drama. The strength and purity of a play can be judged according to the degree of disappointment it causes to the audience. Drama is either disappointment or not drama. " "My drama is full of suicide, consanguinity, adultery and madness. But you should know that a normal person can't play any drama because of his obvious enthusiasm ... Besides, being an unfortunate person and a patient is almost an obligation and a responsibility in our unfortunate and morbid world. Laughing in such a world is tantamount to lighting a cigarette with the candlelight of the mourning hall. " Nelson? Rodriguez is a prolific playwright. His other plays include An Innocent Woman (1939), Family Album (1945), Black Angel (1946) and Warsaw VI (10).

Raimondeau? Magarianes (1907-) is a journalist, critic and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His drama themes are extremely rich and diverse, including historical dramas, short comedies, dramas, current affairs satires, folk dramas and so on. The most popular historical dramas are A Jew (1939) and carlotta? Gioque? a (1939), the romantic emperor (1946), the comedy The Lying Woman (1937), the marriage in Uruguay (1939), and the shame thunder (1939). However, his most important works are Women Are Mine (1950) and Song in Bread (1953).

Pedro? Bloch (19 14-2004), with his important play The Hand of Eurydice (195 1), has been the focus of millions of audiences in Qian Qian for many years. The play has been translated into more than a dozen languages and staged in more than 40 countries around the world. Bloch was the first Brazilian playwright to stage his Broadway works in the United States. His work Conscience premiered in new york on 1952. He wrote more than twenty plays in his life. Most of his plays are monologues, which show the psychological problems of modern people. His later works pay more attention to the polarization between the rich and the poor in Brazilian society. He wrote 100 books in his life, including plays, medical monographs and fairy tales. His most famous play is The Hand of Eurydice. Although the monologue of this play is just like an interesting musical, the plot of the script is particularly attractive to the audience: a man tries to escape the poverty and pain of family life with the help of a charming woman. But when he came back after repentance, he was not warmly and happily welcomed by people. Bloch's other famous plays include The Angel's Shirt (195 1), A Nail on the Front (195 1) and A Cat Died in China (1952).

Guilherme? Figueiredo (19 15-), a famous journalist and novelist, made his debut in the theater with the play Madame Godiva. The play was staged on 1948. The following year, it won the Brazilian Drama Critics Association and "Artur? Acevedo "award. 1949, his play The General Strike was in Porto? Alegre stepped onto the stage. 195 1 year, his play The Tragedy and Comedy of Don Juan was staged in Sao Paulo. 1953, his famous tragicomedy "The Fox and the Grape" came out and was staged by Rio National Theatre. The play was quickly translated into several foreign languages and staged in Vienna, Buenos Aires and Madrid.

Jose? Da? Sylvia. Sampaio (19 14-), a former professional doctor, became a director and a troupe owner with tailor Reginaldo (19365438). A year later, he led his troupe to perform in Borso Theatre. Since 195 1 He wrote many original plays, such as A Giant on the Stage, The Hardness of Being a Wife, and The Art of Living. Satire plays include reconciliation of good people (1949), conflict (1950), and a gentleman without camellia (1953).

Avilio? Pereira? De? Almeida (1906-) is a playwright who is good at describing the modern social life in Sao Paulo. His plays are clear in language, simple in plot and popular in content. For example, Old Warehouse (195 1), which reflects the decline of aristocratic families in rural areas, and Santa Mata, which describes the revolutionary process of 1932? Fabriel (1955), the morality of political-religious agreements showing the decline of social order (1956), the gathering of satirical movements, etc. His works have been translated into many foreign languages.

Enrique? Ponhetti (1899-) is a writer who entered the stage of Brazilian drama in the mid-1920s, when he founded the famous magazine One Thousand and Two Nights. His plays mainly include satire Viriot (1932), comedy Model (195 1), musical Unintentional, Tragedy Without Tears and so on.

Jorge? Andrade (1922-) gained a great reputation as a great playwright because of his successful performance of the drama "Deferred Debt Payment" (1957). Andrade was originally an actor in Sao Paulo Drama Art School, and engaged in drama activities after graduation. He was born in the countryside and spent his childhood in the countryside. He is very familiar with the life of farmers and rural areas. His play The Telescope reflects the decline of a wealthy rural family in Sao Paulo. Deferred payment of debts is a local drama. The plot is based on the coffee crisis from 1929 to 1932, reflecting the end of a prosperous era. Another of his plays, The Quarry of the Soul, has an epic story: in a desolate and dead world, a woman acts as a guide, and the experience of the people in the play is unusual, showing an unusual scene. The road to redemption took place in Minas? Based on the true story of Arles, it vividly describes the life scene in the immigrant area. A group of hungry people with nothing had to be silent in the face of police pistols under the suppression of protest authorities. His other works include Stairs, Silver Knife Box, Fire and Bones of the Baron.

Ona. In the boat (1899-) is a reporter from Rio Grande, who wrote the script Nothing! Later, I published Miss Beautiful (1939), Time for Regeneration (1947), No Direction (195 1) and Early May. Brazilian drama critic Zhan Mu? Barros praised the ship and said, "Mr. Ship is famous for his important play" Nothing "! "It has been very successful. He also provided a shining example for China's drama with Miss Beauty: how to create Brazilian drama rooted in our history, our thoughts and our feelings. "

Emile? Borba? Felio is a drama critic and director. He began his drama creation with the drama "Electric Lights in Circus" (1944), which showed the Greek theme. Since then, he has written many plays: Juan in No Man's Land (1947), Father's Mule (1949), The Golden Boat (1949) and The Three Strict Gentlemen (1950). Father's mule, also called headless mule, is a tragedy. It describes that on Thursday night, the priest's concubine suddenly became a powerful animal and ran around. People were very surprised when they saw it. The play combines fairy tales in northern Brazil with Catholicism and becomes a drama with peculiar religious mythology. The play includes three folk stories. These stories are told through the memories of plantation workers at night parties. The dialogue between the characters described by the author is accurate and clear, accompanied by singing, music, dancing and the words of the storyteller. The plot is vivid.

Edgard? Da? Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha? Miranda was born in Rio de Janeiro and studied drama in the United States. His first play, To a Rich Land, took place in Minas? The hot Arles is a time when people are frantically looking for gold. Written forcefully, it truly reflects the face of the times at that time and has local color. 1954 won the Committee Award for the 400th anniversary of the founding of Sao Paulo with another drama, Northwest Wind. The play also has a strong local color, and the background of the script is Yuan Ye in the Rio Grande Mountains, which is located in the hinterland of Sao Paulo. Due to the long drought and no rain, a town became a wilderness. A group of mixed-race, dark-skinned, copper-skinned aborigines gathered together because of terrible poverty. They believe in a primitive religion, but the harsh environment makes them desperate.

Isaac? Ding Gong? Felio was born in Recife. He is famous for his play Dry Weather. This is a tragedy, describing the disaster brought by the drought in northeast Brazil. A group of poor farmers became victims of drought and hunger, struggling to die. Under the oppression of powerful nature, people appear weak, some are insane, and some cling to the main tenets of Christianity as the pillar of resignation. The tragic scene makes it difficult for readers to calm down. Ding Gong's other plays include Conflict of Conscience, Moving on with Life Tomorrow, Meteor and Mr Smart.

Antonio? Calado (19 17-) has been engaged in journalism for many years, writing for the Morning Post. He lived in London from 194 1 to 1947, then went to Paris and worked for Radio France for nine months. After returning to Brazil, he published the novel Salviano took office, and wrote two plays for the theater, The Murder of Asidad (1954) and frankl. As for the first play, critics have made the following comments: "From the perspective of plot arrangement and character characteristics, The Murder of Asidad has expanded and deepened our understanding and experience of human reality, both in a personal sense and in a social sense." "Judging from the power of dialogue, the dramatic structure of the scene and the authenticity of the characters, this play can be regarded as one of the most outstanding, serious and important plays in China's plays." "Because this script has unusual value, Antonio? Calado has strengthened people's understanding of the significance and value of China's plays and literature. "

Wild? Suassuna (1927-) was born in a Protestant family in Paleva. 1950 graduated from the Law Department of Recife University. Later, he and his friends founded the Pernambuco College Student Troupe. He began to believe in Catholicism at 195 1. Since then, he has been engaged in education at the University of Recife and has written drama reviews for Pernambuco Daily. After the performance of 1957, his Compassionate Woman became the best playwright of his generation and was loved by the general public. Compassionate women are intertwined with folk stories and Catholicism. A series of ballads with local characteristics and popular content are used in the play, and strong religious thoughts run through them, which are the two major characteristics of the play. In addition, Suasuna has two plays, Suspicious Marriage and The Holy Spirit and the Sow.

Lacker? De? Cross (19 10-) is one of the famous contemporary playwrights in Brazil. His masterpiece is Lantern. Drama critic Almeida? Prado said of Cross: "In Brazilian drama, there is no writer like Lacker? De? Cross is so good at describing character dialogues that no writer can make ordinary men and women speak in literary language and spontaneous language at the same time, and speak clearly and naturally. "

Among many contemporary Brazilian playwrights, Shia Francis? Guanieri is an outstanding young writer. His play Simba was staged in Sao Paulo, at the International Drama Festival and then in Rome. The social atmosphere and hard living conditions in big cities have become the social content of this drama. Another of his plays, Seeds, is about cities, which reflects the life of proletarians and their political struggles. Critic Sabato? Magaldi said of the playwright: "Among the young playwrights, Shia Frances? Guanieri is the only successful person. He is not yet thirty years old. "

Maria? Clara? Machado is a famous contemporary children's playwright in Brazil. Her children's dramas Pruefer, Little Red Riding Horse, The Onion Snatcher and The Kind Little Witch are very artistic and widely circulated in Brazil. As a gifted children's playwright, machado has made great contributions to the performance skills of contemporary Brazilian drama. She put the stories of fantasy, dream and revelation on the stage of drama.

In order to promote the development of drama, the Brazilian government has given strong support to drama activities. 1937, an official drama organization named "National Drama Bureau" was established, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education. Famous writer Edmund? Muniz is the director of the bureau. He greatly promoted the drama activities. He founded various types of theaters and staged many works by Brazilian playwrights. These works are not performed by commercial and professional troupes. Under his leadership, the performances of the National Conservatory of Music and the National Comedy Troupe are also very active. The municipal government of S? o Paulo allocates15 million pesos to the theatrical troupes engaged in theatrical activities in the state every year to promote the development and dissemination of drama. The annual budget of the National Drama Bureau for drama reaches 50 million pesos.

Generally speaking, there are two tendencies in Brazilian contemporary drama: one is Garcia, a famous Spanish poet and playwright. The influence of Lorca, represented by Pedro? Enrique Bloch? A playwright like Pang Heidi. Their dramatic language is beautiful and poetic, and their dramatic images are rich and peculiar. Another tendency is the expressionism of the famous German dramatists Brecht and Tennessee O 'Neill? The influence of Williams represented by Nelson? Rodriguez, Sylvia? San Paasio et al.

In addition to these two tendencies, it should also be pointed out that the themes describing social customs, bourgeois life and proletarian tragedy also occupy a considerable proportion in playwrights' works. This kind of playwright naturally tends to this kind of theme, and many playwrights are successful because they have created attractive and expressive plays according to the real life in Brazil.

It can be said that all the dramas, drama tendencies and dramatists in the world have influenced Brazilian drama: classical drama, neoclassical drama, "artistic comedy", expressionism, symbolism, "popular drama", Icahn drama, Sartre, Miller, Tennessee? Williams, Soviet drama, Pirand Committee, Brecht, Samuel? Beckett, Hoyle, Sagan, Ugo? Betty, farce, specific drama and so on. The factors of Brazilian drama are complicated, but its attempt is brave and bold. More importantly, at present, Brazilian drama is in a new stage of development and prosperity, its strong vitality is increasing day by day, and its role in Brazil's contemporary social life is becoming more and more obvious. Because it is closely linked with Brazil's social life and cultural undertakings, it has become an indispensable spiritual food for the Brazilian people's lives and inspired the broad masses of people to work hard for a better future.