What is the missing link between apes and humans in human evolution?

The origin of human evolution

Where did humans come from?

Everyone knows that human beings evolved from nature, which is fundamental and also the foundation.

The birth of matter, the beginning of the universe, evolved from a small point and accumulated into everything-so, step by step, the genes of life evolved from it.

Relatively speaking, this is also a choice-a natural choice, a natural choice from thousands of choices. ...

Choose one out of countless!

Aggregation leads to the formation (evolution) of ecological large-scale system environment.

In this way, on the basis of the former, sand will gather into towers and become pagodas ... and then slowly from low to high, from life to species, from plants to animals, from water to land ... step by step. ...

Finally, he gradually became a person.

This is evolution.

This is human nature.

After natural evolution into an adult, people have the ability and their own means-science, just as nature (matter) has natural instinct (material instinct)-because human beings are also natural _ _ and human natural instinct is science!

So people gradually got rid of the shackles of natural evolution as the main body and began to fight for their own initiative-in this way, nature completed its primary historical mission, but Rao did, natural evolution continued, and continued to play a role in its way of movement-evolution.

After the nature evolved into an adult, that part of human nature (human body) separated from the whole nature (universe) and became a whole, and achieved a parallel and independent position with the rest of nature (heaven) in the universe.

This is the unity of heaven and man, and it is also the unity of heaven and man!

The harmony between man and nature is natural, because nature and nature are parallel-man is nature and heaven is nature.

This is also from the innate perspective, from the innate perspective of the unity of man and nature.

This is the relative end of natural evolution to adulthood, but it is the real beginning of human self-evolution-development-science!

This is also natural evolution, which is the result of natural evolution.

It is the end of human nature and the beginning of the day after tomorrow.

Man is the dividing line between evolution and development, and also the dividing line between their mutual transformation and leap!

After natural evolution to man, after evolution to man, evolution is still dominant within man (inside the body); Outside people (outside the body), evolution becomes development-

Development is not only human evolution, but also science.

Everything in science is still about evolution.

Scientific methods, processes, everything is evolution.

The process of science is also a process of development, a process of human development.

This is all evolution, the origin of human evolution and the process of human evolution.

Human development is the process of human evolution.

This development-

But this is not the case.

This is survival, temporary survival, long-term survival, and eternal survival.

In order to survive, you need to obtain survival data, which can only be obtained from the environment around human beings. To survive for a long time, you can only expand the environment, expand, expand again ... and continue to expand ... until you expand the whole universe-because the universe is constantly evolving ... and there will never be an end. ...

This is also the theory of harmony between man and nature.

Furthermore, if you want to obtain the means of subsistence, you need to have the means of acquisition, which is science.

To expand the environment step by step, it is necessary to develop science step by step-science, which is the development of human beings, and it develops step by step and promotes each other ... So the goal of all developers is gradually realized, and the development of heaven-that is, the whole universe can be developed-the unity of man and nature;

……

This is all evolution and the origin of all human evolution-from beginning to end-a real person.

This is the origin of human evolution, the origin from nature and the afterlife, and the whole origin of human evolution. Author: guanhong 1234

Scientists recombine human genes to solve the mystery of human evolution August 20061May 08:07 China News Network Where do we come from, who are we and where do we belong? These three questions are the questions that human beings question themselves, and they are also the ultimate discussions of philosophers. Scientists will also discuss it, not with words, but with experiments and data.

According to Hong Kong's Wen Wei Po, the Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, recently announced that it will cooperate with an American technology company to recombine the gene sequence of a prehistoric human, Neanderthals, which has been extinct for 30,000 years, in an attempt to fill several blank fragments in the process of human evolution.

Gene collection is difficult to find and time-consuming.

According to reports, biological genes need constant repair to maintain, and after the end of life, genes will be distorted with time. Therefore, the study of paleontological genes has always been the bottleneck of experimental technology. First of all, long-term hydrolysis and oxidation will damage genes. If the sample is more than100000 years, the gene can hardly be preserved. Secondly, the problem of being polluted by modern genes, because the ancient genes are too small, as long as some modern genes are mixed, the research results will be biased.

At the beginning of the study, the fossil was the Neanderthal skeleton unearthed in Croatia 45,000 years ago, and only 100 gene fragment was left on it. Therefore, the research needs to use 454 machine, which is a newly developed gene sequencing technology in 454 life science, and can recombine small gene fragments at low cost and high efficiency.

Whether Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, whether they had language ability, brain structure, skin color and population density have puzzled the scientific community for more than 100 years. If the Neanderthal gene can be successfully recombined, even if it is only a partial fragment, it will be of great help to solve the prehistoric life form and evolution of human beings.

At present, the research of gene recombination is still in the early stage, but it has encountered many thorny problems, the most troublesome of which is to find recombinant genes. Some researchers say that most Neanderthal fossils do not contain Neanderthal genes, but they cover the genes of researchers who have been in contact with these bones for many years. Fortunately, one of the research project hosts, Dr. Svante Paabo, has developed a new technology to isolate modern polluted genes.

Neanderthals, non-modern ancestors

In the early years, Bob's research group was famous for comparing the mitochondrial DNA of humans and Neanderthals. They put forward strong evidence from their differences, proving that Neanderthals were not the ancestors of modern people, but belonged to a balanced development race. The research results were published in the authoritative biological magazine Cell in 1997, which is a milestone in the study of Neanderthals.

However, genes in cells are far more difficult to replicate and interpret than granular gland DNA. Michael Egholm, vice president of 454 Life Sciences, pointed out to the media that 95% of the isolated prehistoric genes belong to bacteria or other microorganisms. Although the gene sequence of bacteria is obviously different from that of humans, it is easy to identify, but after such a seven-and-eight-fold deduction, there are really few available genes. The researchers' strategy is to "kill the wrong one and let it go", and slowly identify all prehistoric genes after recombination. The first goal of this research is to restore the 3 billion genes of Nepali wife Tate, so they need to recombine 60 billion genes more than 20 times.

In addition to the workload caused by gene deletion and a large number of impurities, integrity is also a problem that researchers have to face. Hony said that from the existing evidence, the genome of the research object should not be deleted, but even if the fragment is later found missing, researchers can extract genes from different individuals and combine them into a complete sequence. At present, the scientific community has adopted a similar method when recombining the genes of other extinct prehistoric animals.

Looking for human characteristics

For a long time, scientists hope to find out the genes that distinguish humans from other closely related species by comparing the genes of chimpanzees, modern humans and Neanderthals. Now the scientific community generally agrees that the overall genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees is less than 2%, while Neanderthals have 96% of the genes of humans and chimpanzees (for this reason, some scholars have proposed that Neanderthals are early Homo sapiens between modern humans and chimpanzees, which is one of the missing links in evolution). By comparing three groups of such similar genomes, we can naturally find out what human characteristics are.

Archaeologists have been debating whether the ancestors of modern people mixed with Neanderthals when they first left Africa for Europe 45,000 years ago. A group of scholars, such as Bruce Lahn, a geneticist at the University of Chicago, pointed out that hybrids have survival advantages for modern people. Because Neanderthals have lived in Europe for tens of thousands of years, they have strong adaptability to the local climate and viruses.

On the contrary, modern people who immigrated to Europe before the end of the ice age, because they have lived in tropical Africa for a long time, can hardly adapt to the cold new environment if their constitution has not changed at all. Moreover, there is indeed evidence that modern people have mixed blood with other races in the process of evolution, but it has not been confirmed for the time being whether this is Neanderthal.

There is no doubt that humans and Neanderthals have the same ancestor, whether they are mixed or not. The two separated only about 500 thousand years ago. In addition, modern people have evolved different ethnic groups after leaving Africa. The main nationalities in the world are Africans, Asians and Indo-Europeans. Through genetic research, it is helpful to explain whether the racial differences of modern people are caused by geographical environment or whether modern people are mixed with local aborigines in the process of migration. The theory of hybrids has been debated in academic circles for many years, and the study of Neanderthal genes is expected to become a puzzle that has been puzzling for a long time, so many scholars are excited about the research. (Zhongxin. Com, August 14, by Li Zeming)