What were the main characteristics of European economic changes at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century? The main reasons for this characteristic? What impact did it have?

Recently, for a long period of time, a mountain of texts and a large number of exhibitions have focused on deconstructing "Eurocentrism", "Orientalism?" and the so-called "alternative" under the Western concept Culture, but these only regard Westernization and European cultural hegemony as their superficial values. In other words, more and more people are accustomed to the concept of "North" attacking "North". Or recognize that Europe is multicultural. Due to the increasing immigration in recent years, the recognition that Europe is gradually diversifying seems to be a positive step towards cultural diversity and acceptance of cultural differences. However, it implies. There is an assumption that there is a pre-existing pure European culture and European civilization at the root and essence.

This movement breeds European culture and status, as well as the concept and current situation of European multiculturalism. , and is continuous, constantly constructed, and full of dynamics. Our point of view is that cultural status is not given, but generated. Here, cultural pluralism cannot only be understood as the accumulation and combination of a group of communities, but It is the intersection and overlap of cultures. As Stuart Hall pointed out, new races of hybrids are constantly being formed. That judgment or doubt must be qualified and modified (made non-absolute), and it cannot be allowed to remain. To become a kind of mask or strategy that covers the differences of forces, "the disappearance of national borders" (denationalization), hybridity and multiculturalism should not become another totality that contains a new power structure. Therefore, what we understand. Cultural diversity and hybridity must also be taken into account in the study and analysis of situations in which interaction plays a very important role, structuring various mechanisms and influencing historical and ethnic relations.

< p>There is no doubt that world history and human civilization have changed dramatically since the 16th century, in large part through the several central empires that dominated Europe. As Peter Ekeh points out, Europe "cast its shadow." and existence to the rest of the world." Whether from the perspective of an evolving world system or from the historical standards of various empires, today's world is essentially different from the world of the 16th century. 16 century, the situation of separate cultures and some degree of relative independence or autonomy of various peoples scattered around the world was replaced by the rapid expansion of Europe. This transformation "elevated European culture and civilization to a completely new frame of reference." standard and became the new central point of modern mankind. "

Europe's expansion and hegemony were achieved through two interactive processes: one occurred in Europe's own internal geographical space; the other was the cultivation of the culture of "fragmented" countries outside Europe. Colonization, such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and North America. The so-called "New World" composed of these European "fragmented" countries eventually gained independence from their mother countries in complex and unpredictable ways. In other words, the consolidation of nation-states within Europe and the "fragmented" states outside Europe went beyond Europe's geographical boundaries and scope from the outset.

The key to analyzing European cultural and political dominance lies in interpreting the peak periods of two waves of colonization in history: the formation of European imperialism and the establishment of diverse colonial economies. The first wave was when settlers acquired new land and colonized it. Mainly the remaining European population plays the leading role. They conquered "new" lands and settled there. Those disrespectful native populations could be killed at any time if necessary to make room for the flow and transformation of European culture into the new lands. The needs of the plantation economy and mining in turn imported large numbers of people from Asia and Africa in the form of slave trade (such as the Triangular Trade). Corresponding to the first wave, the second wave originating from the 19th and 20th centuries was driven by the expansion of industrial capital, and its main feature was the search for raw materials and labor rather than the elimination of local people. These two waves of colonization with different behaviors at different times in European history reproduced different and contradictory new "fragmented" countries with contradictory cultural and political values. South Africa exemplifies this dualistic colonialism: both ancient and modern. More importantly, the expansion of European political thought, philosophy and culture under the dominance of the European concept is represented in exhibition publications. For example, it is difficult for people to understand that in the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans vigorously promoted the ideals of enlightenment and freedom within their own homeland, while at the same time they carried out large-scale slave trade and enslavement outside Europe, and they themselves remained calm. How did they accept these two different ideas and thoughts at the same time? Even when these theoretical propositions of freedom evolved into revolutions somewhere within themselves, why did they still keep the lid on these contradictions tightly? Exhibition publications also explore the contradictions of European society and culture. It is very ironic that the emergence of most European nation-states came from a few powerful multi-ethnic and multi-ethnic empires. It was precisely these empires that dominated Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. In any aspect, the roots of these ethnic groups are not very deep. They are actually a mixture of blood and culture.

However, the image of the European nation-state that is projected onto it today, as an artificial construct forged in repeated bloody wars, obscures an older system of cultural diversity and survival. Europe itself must be questioned both as a geographical totality and as a historical representation. Our focus is, as Jan Nederveen Pieterse puts it: "Europe's ingestion", its historical digestion of the so-called "other". However, this time Europe is presented as the "other".

Some recent studies, such as Martin Bernal's "Black Athena" and Samir Amin's "Eurocentrism" are challenging the traditional concept of Greek pure origin that has long been accepted as a theorem, arguing that The source of European civilization and culture is not just pure Greek civilization. Pieterse believes that the actual borders between Europe and non-Europe are much "fuzzy". After all, Europe can actually be understood as a peninsula extending from the huge Asian plate. What problems arise from clearly defining Europe and Asia? What is Türkiye? How does it relate to Europe and the Middle East? From a historical, religious and geographical perspective, why have we spared no effort to join the EU in recent years? How do we position ourselves in post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

The ideological power of Western hegemony and imperialism makes it easy for us to forget European modernity. The historical evolution from the Renaissance to the present day is based on other cultures and civilizations. Edward Said believes that modern European civilization has "many ancestors". He pointed out that it takes a long time and a lot of psychological adjustment to understand "the role that anti-colonial resistance cultures and anti-imperialist literature played in the formation of modern European ideas and societies." Many Asian, African, Caribbean and South American writers, academics and political leaders were rebelling against old European imperialist ideas. The "subjected knowledge" once defined by Foucault has had an explosive effect in first-class literature and academic research. Those post-colonial writers who write about "subjected knowledge" have entered the field of knowledge that has been controlled by the Western Jewish and Christian traditions. Challenging the canons in the literature, non-Western writers such as Edward Said, CLR, James, Franz Fanon, Chinua Achebe and others have become must-read texts for students and scholars in the humanities.

Studying the history and sociology of Western urbanization in the 1930s and 1940s is more discoverable and enlightening. During the Civil War in Europe, many students, writers, and artists from colonial Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean gathered in large numbers in Bachmann, London, Rome, and other European capitals. They all challenge long-established notions of modernity and modernity. Their creations play a crucial role in redefining the modern makeup of the globe. Their documents and creations are no longer considered mere references or inconsequential additions to European and Western concepts, but rather construct concepts. Oakwezen provides specific examples of African and Caribbean immigrant writers, poets, and artists claiming cultural space from urban culture; rethinking exile, nation, and society on the basis of denying conventional readings of "otherness." Citizen. In the article "Anti-interstitiality", Leslie Adelson talks about the need to place immigrant literary creation in the context of contemporary German culture and proposes an epistemological uncertainty necessary to position Turkish immigrant writers in German literature itself.

It is clear that in the former Soviet bloc, the concept of the East-West polarity still determined and controlled cultural formation for decades. The socialist countries with which it was allied are still worth exploring. The Second World has further complicated the original confrontation between the First World and the Third World. Indeed, Central and Eastern Europe were large-scale in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A source of immigration, as well as a hotspot of war and revolutionary regime change, this turmoil lasted until the end of the 20th century. We witnessed firsthand the mass movements and Balkan wars triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia during this period, and the deportation of art and literature. And dislocation has also received great attention in a special historical context.

Within the European "ontology" (let's use this term to refer to Western Europe), we naturally think of Nazi Germany in its creation. The large-scale human massacre launched under the so-called "Aryan above all else" purebred concept is the darkest peak of Europeanness. This concept is the product of millions of Jews, Gypsies, and Nazis. Today, the shadow of Nazi massacre still hangs over Europe, and Nazi ideas are still worshiped and are still influencing. The formation of culture. This was particularly prominent in the second half of the 20th century in many academic, official and unofficial settings

Wuying, the complex history of Europe and its large-scale empires. Domination and resistance to its hegemony and exploitation have released a lot of energy in human knowledge, culture and creation. Under the coercive rule of the empire, this knowledge is usually generated from fierce confrontations between groups, different historical backgrounds and historical views and pain. social reality.

Although this search for knowledge is unilateral, subjective and quite unfair, this search for knowledge itself must be historically understood as central to the development of humanities and society. On the other hand, resistance to imperialist domination unleashed a vast amount of creativity in human creative expression, influencing many aspects of artistic behavior today on a global scale. For example, the dialectical understanding and interpretation of cultural diversity is the essence of the artistic behavior of many contemporary artists around the world. The blurring of geographical and cultural boundaries is becoming increasingly apparent. Debates like these are increasingly important. More and more fashionable. This is not only the result of displacement, but also the result of the development of communication and information technology driven by efficient capital flows.

Australian artist Fiona Hall has been exploring the effects of European colonialism and the subsequent creation of the world's economic and cultural system through the classification and transfer of plants and species in recent years. Hall's research shows that the global organizational system of post-Leninism (Lenius, the Swedish botanist, the founder of modern botany and zoology) not only played an internal role in the development of European knowledge structures, but also This was accompanied by economic and commercial interests, including the creation of a plantation economy that became a powerful machine for Europe's acquisition of extra-European wealth.

Artist Coco Fusco’s video installation examines the impact of immigration on Catalonia’s cultural status and status. Through this work, foreign residents have injected vitality into the entire society, and their strategies to integrate into the local society are also changing the national character of both parties. In this work, Coco Fusco invited several people, all living in Catalonia but none of whom are Catalan, to sing the Catalan national anthem. National anthem singing is now a part of secondary schools in the region. obligations. Everyone sang without accompaniment, and each sang from memory and in their own cultural background.

The works of artist Yinka Shonibare have a strong sense of combining wisdom with aesthetics. They reveal the colonial way of life. They even joke about the sacred objects of African indigenous people. The "African" fabrics used in the works are actually imported from Europe, Indonesia, or other places in the Far East. The work "Swing" expresses the most extravagant Rococo art in Europe in a comic style. The women in the work are put on African clothes, using European appearance to express African essence, asking who is more "primitive".