Central Plains Civilization Communication

In the history of the Chinese nation, the Central Plains is the birthplace of ancient civilization and the center of ancient population distribution in China. Until the Qin and Han dynasties, the population of this area accounted for about 80% of the total population of the country.

The birthplace of Chinese civilization is in the Central Plains, that is, the middle reaches of the Yellow River and now Henan. This area is located in the infiltration center of the east, west, north and south, which makes it superior to other areas in adsorption and diffusion. The Central Plains is also the most concentrated area of wars and disasters in the history of China. Many nationalities, races and regimes compete for control of the Central Plains. In different historical periods, a large number of Zhongyuan people moved to foreign countries in order to escape the war, which greatly promoted the development of many places and the spread of Chinese civilization. This outward expansion is the Central Plains in a broad sense, which is directly adjacent to the source of Chinese civilization. With the expansion of China culture from the source to the periphery, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, the cultural circle in China gradually became clear and stereotyped. In the early days, the culture of the Central Plains spread smoothly to the north and the west, and then it was further brought into the cultural circle of China through the dynasties established by two ethnic minorities-the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. The spread of Central Plains culture to the south met with stubborn resistance in the early days, such as the fiasco of King Zhao Zhou attacking Chu, which showed the defeat of Zhou Wenhua's spread to the south. However, after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the war in the north caused the Central Plains immigrants to move southward again and again, which made the source civilization spread southward to the Yangtze River basin, southwest, Lingnan, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other places with the population migration. Han culture also spread to some of China's close neighbors, North Korea and Japan in the northeast, Mongolia in the north, Central Asia in the west and Southeast Asian countries in the south. These places constitute the outer edge of China's cultural circle. The radiation of Central Plains culture to the outer edge of Central Plains cultural circle is also related to immigration. For example, when China culture influenced Korea and Japan, it involved the legendary Kiko and Xu Fu, and then a large number of immigrants from the Korean Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula migrated abroad, making Chinese civilization extend to every corner of the world. From the process of cultural circle expansion in China, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion that immigrants have an important influence on cultural exchange, cultural diffusion and cultural communication. Because of the war, there were three waves of immigrants from the Central Plains in history.

1 After the Yongjia Rebellion, some refugees from Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces have crossed the Huaihe River and headed south one after another. According to today's division, Jiangsu Province is the region that receives the most immigrants, with the most concentrated in Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Changzhou, while Yangzhou and Huaiyin are the main places in northern Jiangsu.

2. The Anshi Rebellion led to the second southward migration of a large number of people in the Central Plains. "The world is dressed in clothes, avoiding Wu Dong, and Yongjia moving south is not here." East Road enters Huainan and Jiangnan from the North China Plain, and then mainly enters Jiangxi through Jinqu Basin in southern Anhui and western Zhejiang. Divided into two, one south to Lingnan; One crossed Wuyishan and entered Fujian. West Road enters the present Nanyang and Xiangyang areas from Guanzhong and the western part of North China Plain, then goes south, passes through southern Hubei and Hunan, and enters Lingnan. The southward migration lasted for a century and a half until the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the number of people could not be verified. After the "An Shi Rebellion", the people of the Central Plains moved south, and the population ratio between the north and the south was balanced for the first time.

3. After the Jingkang Rebellion, the largest number of people moved from the north to the south at this stage. In just over ten years, "Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guangzhou and Northwest China are all full". In the eleventh year of Shaoxing, the Song-Jin Peace Treaty was reached, stipulating that the Southern Song Dynasty was not allowed to accept Jin Dynasty "refugees", and the wave of southward migration began to fade.

The migration waves of the Central Plains not only spread the advanced civilization of the Central Plains to all parts of the country, but also formed an important ethnic group of the Han nationality-Hakka, whose ancestors originated in the Central Plains and migrated from the Central Plains to the south. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). According to the estimation of relevant scholars, as of 20 14, there are about 65438+ billion Hakkas in the world. The migration from the Central Plains was accompanied by the arrival of immigrants, including overseas businessmen, foreign invasions and Han people in other parts of China.

1. The original ethnic group in the Central Plains was the Han nationality. After Yongjia Rebellion, the great migration of northern minorities caused the situation that Hu and Han lived together in the Central Plains. The most influential was Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He carried out a series of measures to reform the old customs of Xianbei, aiming at consolidating the Northern Wei regime, but objectively promoted the integration of Xianbei and the Han nationality in the Central Plains. By the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiongnu, Jie, Di and Qiang disappeared from the history books, while Rouran, Tuguhun and Zile gradually merged with the Han nationality. By the time the Sui Dynasty unified the Yellow River basin, almost all the ethnic minorities who moved from the north to the Central Plains were melted by the Han nationality, and even the Xianbei nationality finally completed the sinicization.

2. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy of the Central Plains was developed, and there was an endless stream of businessmen. "Businessmen and businessmen run around the ground every day." "As for Qiangzhai, birds and animals live in the countryside, and they are all looking forward to getting tired." The Central Plains has merged Mongolia, Uygur, Hui, Nuzhen, Qidan, Xixia and other ethnic groups with incomparable inclusiveness. Ethnic minorities in the northwest and foreigners from Central Asia, Japan and the Korean Peninsula have lived in Luoyang for a long time, and the integration of national cultures has made Chinese culture develop to a peak.

3. After the demise of the Jin State in the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers of the Jin State "considered the intention of Article 23 of Zhongzhou" and began to form a wasteland army, which was not limited to Nuzhen, but also included Qidan and Jia Xi. Move from the headquarters to the middle earth, mix with the people, and put the account on the official land so that they can sow their own seeds to fill their mouths. " Nvzhen moved inward, especially Jin Xuanzong moved the capital to Bianjing because of Mongolian oppression. Jurchen and Han people live together, intermarry, change their surnames to Han, and advocate Confucianism. Nuzhen's national characteristics gradually lost. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty listed Nuzhen, Han people and Qidan people as Han people, and they were treated equally politically, which objectively eliminated the national boundary between Nuzhen and Han people and promoted the sinicization of Nuzhen. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, most of the Nuzhen people in the Central Plains had integrated into the Han nationality.

4. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers by Mongolian nobles and feudal landlords, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified day by day, floods, droughts and locusts continued, and natural and man-made disasters made Henan, Shandong, Hebei, northern Anhui and other central plains areas "impassable, people cut off their financial resources" and "people in Henan, Shandong, northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui suffered ten deaths and hundreds of injuries". "Most places are uninhabited." Zhu Yuanzhang also knew that "after the chaos, the Central Plains was rough and sparsely populated, so it was urgent for the Central Plains to open up land and increase household registration", which determined the strategic decision of the immigrants in the war. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi Province migrated 18 times, and during the Yongle period, it migrated 8 times, accounting for 18 times.

In addition, after defeating Chen Youliang, Zhu Yuanzhang began to immigrate to the Central Plains from Jiangxi, Taihu Lake Basin, northern Shanxi and Calm, Guangdong Pearl River Basin, Shandong, Suzhou, Huizhou and Jiangxi. Many immigrants from Raozhou, Jiangxi Province were settled in Guangshan, Xinxian, Luoshan, Shangcheng and other counties in the south of Xinyang.