How long did colonial rule last?

During the 9th century to10th century, Ireland was often attacked by Scandinavians. But they are also businessmen, who have contributed to enriching life in Dublin, Cork and Watford. 10 14 years, the Scandinavians were defeated by Irish king Brian Brou in Clontarf, and the influence of the Scandinavians gradually faded.

In the12nd century, normans who had previously settled in Scotland and Wales came to Ireland. At this time, Ireland has embarked on the road of establishing a king to rule the country, and the arrival of these people has destroyed this process. The Normans soon took control of most parts of Ireland, which were later placed under the political influence of the King of Scotland.

In the following 400 years, the Norman people and their descendants had more and more influence in Ireland. However, many parts of the country are still in Irish hands. By the beginning of16th century, there was a general fear in England, that is, the influence of England was in danger of disintegration, on the one hand, because of the invasion of Gaelic people, on the other hand, the gradual Gaelization of Normandy settlers.

The gradual decline of Gail Ireland

During this period, the English Reformation had an important influence on Ireland. Ireland, later known as Old English, descended from Norman settlers, was basically hostile to the Protestant Reformation that led to the establishment of the Church in Ireland (England). In addition, Ireland, as an island close to both Britain and the European continent, is in a central strategic position, so it is likely to become a stronghold of English dissatisfaction or foreign enemies. This makes the solution of the Irish problem unprecedented for centuries.

In response to religious differences and the introduction of new immigrants from England by the British king, the Gaels launched a series of rebellions in Ireland. Their resistance was finally suppressed, 1603, and the last Gaelic fortress, urs Thai, was also under the rule of the British king. Later, many English and Scottish settlers were brought to urs Thai Plantation in urs, Thailand, which had a lasting impact on the religious and political structure of the province. /kloc-Irish political history in the 7th century was closely related to the events in England and Scotland, including the Civil War, the oliver cromwell Uprising, the Restoration of charles ii and the glorious revolution that put William and Mary on the English throne (1688). On the one hand, the old English and Gaelic Irish who believed in the old religion, and on the other hand, the new Scots who believed in Protestantism (including other new immigrants), both sides began to compete for the highest power. During this period, after numerous battles, we finally fought in Boin (1690) and Ogram (16965438+). Old English and Gaelic Irish were defeated, and then most of their leaders and followers ("Goose") left Ireland to continue their military, religious or commercial careers abroad. Protestants who became the state religion monopolized political rights and land ownership, and formulated criminal laws that discriminated against the old religion (Catholicism).

Eighteenth century

/kloc-Great development of Irish economy in the 0/8th century. Flax business is booming, especially in urs and Thailand. Irish wool, beef, butter and pork are also important export commodities. Protestantism gradually regarded itself as the representative of the Irish nation and developed into a dynamic and unique parliamentary tradition. The continuous Irish immigration tide also began in the18th century, when thousands of Presbyterians and a few Christians went to the New World. Since the 65438+1960s, the differences between Britain and the North American colonies have been expanding day by day, which has contributed to the formation of the radical patriotic tradition. Under the influence of the "French Revolution", this patriotic tradition finally produced the United Irish Association. 1789, Ireland and Irish society held an uprising. Although the rebellion left some traces of sectarian violence, the goal of the uprising was to establish an independent Republic of Ireland so that all religions could enjoy equal status. After the uprising was suppressed, the merger bill of 1800 established a complete parliamentary union between Britain and Ireland.

By this time, however, the gap between Britain and Ireland is widening, especially in terms of economy and population. While Britain is developing towards industrialization and urbanization, Ireland (except urs and Thailand) is actually getting farther and farther away from industrialization, and the vast majority of the rapidly increasing population is increasingly dependent on potatoes for a living. 19 In the late 1940s, due to a large-scale potato failure, a tragic famine occurred: 1 10,000 people starved to death, and another 1 10,000 people fled Ireland. 10 years (1846- 1856), the population of Ireland decreased by a quarter (that is, 8 million to 6 million). With immigration becoming a prominent feature of Irish society, the population of Ireland has further decreased.

Politically, the pursuit of the liberation of the old religion (from the gradual relaxation of criminal law at the end of18th century to the participation of the old religion led by Daniel O 'Connor in parliament in 1829) was dominant at the beginning of19th century. Since then, a series of activities have been launched to reform or dissolve the alliance between Britain and Ireland. The "Great Famine" is not only a tragic human tragedy and a socio-economic watershed, but also has far-reaching political influence. In the eyes of ordinary people, the British government should be prosecuted, and the desire of most Irish voters to seek some form of autonomy has become stronger. In the decades after the "Great Famine", Irish landlords were also subjected to both political and economic pressures. At the beginning of the 20th century, after continuous peasant unrest, legislation was finally passed to induce landowners to sell their land to tenants. Providing loans to tenants enables them to buy their own leased land.

However, the issue of autonomy or "local autonomy" remains unresolved: the efforts made by Daniel O 'Connell and Ithaca Bout in the1940s and1970s have not yielded any results. However, from 65438 to 1980s, under the leadership of Charles Stuart parnell, the Irish Parliamentary Party put the Irish issue at the center of British politics. 1886, the Liberal Party led by W.E. Gladstone finally supported Ireland to implement a limited form of autonomy.

The prospect of "local autonomy" stimulated Irish unionists. They are mainly Protestants, accounting for the majority of Thailand in urs. Unitarians, together with British allies who were worried that Irish home rule might split the British empire, began to block the passage of the home rule bill. Nevertheless, the Law on Local Autonomy was finally passed in 19 14.

Seek independence

In the increasingly militarized atmosphere, secret paramilitary forces (Northern Ireland Volunteers and Irish Volunteers) began to March and drill, and the hostility between them was not alleviated until the outbreak of World War I and the resulting delay in local autonomy. World War I changed everything: 19 16, Dublin was declared a republic, and an armed uprising began. The initial support rate of the people for the uprising was extremely low, and the uprising was finally suppressed. However, its supporters made full use of people's antipathy to the execution of uprising leaders and their opposition to the Irish military service introduced in World War I, and won the general election in 19 18. In that general election, they defeated the "local autonomy" parliamentary party with an overwhelming advantage.

The winner of this election, Sinn Fein Party (meaning' ourselves'), established the first Dali (Parliament), and then the war of national independence broke out. By the time the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in 192 1, six counties in urs and Thailand in the northeast, and about two-thirds of the United Party majority at that time, had formed the Northern Ireland government. Due to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the remaining 26 counties formed a free Irish country, which enjoyed the status of autonomous territory within the British Empire. Shortly after the founding of a free country, a brief civil war broke out between those who regarded treaties as providing effective autonomy and those who insisted on establishing a completely peaceful country. Although this civil war is short-lived, it is bound to affect people's attitudes and determine their political positions in the following decades.

1603-1914 * * * 311year