How urgent is the relationship between Huns in Han Dynasty!

Xiongnu's westward migration and Xiongnu Empire's European War

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The English name of Xiongnu is hun, which is also synonymous with saboteurs and barbarians, from which we can see the horrible memory of Xiongnu in Europe. In the 1st century A.D., the Northern Xiongnu, who had become a lost dog in the East, gradually fled to the west and finally went deep into the hinterland of Europe, which not only recovered its former glory, but also triggered great changes in European society, thus changing European history.

First, the Northern Xiongnu withdrew from the Mongolian Plateau

The fierce counterattack of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty on the Xiongnu greatly hurt the Xiongnu's vitality. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns had split, Uhaanyehe led his troops to the Han Dynasty, and Zhi Zhi Khan, who fled to Central Asia and was an enemy of the Han Dynasty, was wiped out by the Han general Chen Tang on the grounds that "those who make a strong Han, though far away, will be punished", and the relationship between Han and Hungary has since moved towards reconciliation. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the anti-Han forces among the Xiongnu nobles rose again, which led to the split of the Xiongnu again, and the southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, while the northern Xiongnu insisted on being the enemy of the Han Dynasty and often launched plundering of the southern Xiongnu and the Han people. At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty was just established, and the national strength was still in the recovery period. Therefore, it was not until Emperor Han Ming that the counterattack against the northern Xiongnu was launched. In 73 AD, the Han army attacked the northern Xiongnu in four directions, and the Han army of Dou Gu and Geng Zhong pursued it all the way to Tianshan Mountain and captured Yiwu (now Hami, Xinjiang). When the Han Dynasty and the Emperor, they launched a counterattack against the northern Xiongnu. In 89 AD, Dou Xian and Geng Bing led the Han army to defeat the Xiongnu and pursued it to Yanran Mountain (now Hang 'ai Mountain in Mongolia). In 91 AD, the Han army attacked the northern Xiongnu again, and was defeated by Khan in Jinwei Mountain (now Altai Mountain). North Khan had to flee to the west. At this point, the Eastern Han Dynasty won an all-round victory in the war against the northern Xiongnu, while the northern Xiongnu, which was an enemy of the Han Dynasty, was attacked by the Han and the southern Xiongnu, and could no longer stand on the Mobei Mongolian Plateau, so it had to withdraw from the Mongolian Plateau and flee westward.

second, the first stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: the Ili River Basin

It is better to escape westward than to move westward. After the defeat of Beikhan in 91 AD, Wusunguo, who led the remnants westward to the Ili River valley, still roamed the north and south of Tianshan Mountain and plundered it. In 119 AD, the northern Xiongnu captured Yiwu (now Hami, Xinjiang) and killed the Han general Soban. In order to deal with the Northern Xiongnu in the Western Regions, the Eastern Han court appointed Ban Yong as the long history of the Western Regions, stationed troops in Liuzhong (now Turpan, Xinjiang), and Ban bravely defeated the Northern Xiongnu twice in 124 and 126, and the situation in the Western Regions began to stabilize. After Ban Yong left office, the northern Xiongnu forces rose again. In 137, the Han general Fei Cen led an army to kill the northern Xiongnu Huyan Wang Yu Balikun (now Balikun, Xinjiang). In 151, the Han general Sima Da led the Han army to attack Pulei Sea (now Balikun Lake, Xinjiang) and defeated the new Huyan King of the northern Xiongnu. Huyan Wang led the northern Xiongnu to retreat to the west, which started the second westward escape.

Third, the second stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: the Syr Darya River Basin

The Syr Darya River is an inland river in Central Asia, which flows through Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries today and flows into the Aral Sea. In the Han dynasty, this was a comfortable country. The northern Xiongnu was attacked by the Han Dynasty in the western regions, and it was no longer possible to stand on its feet. Around 16, a part of the northern Xiongnu began to move westward and came to the comfortable country in the Syr Darya River basin. As for the activities of the northern Huns in Kangju, it is unknown because of the lack of historical records.

fourth, the third stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: east of the Don River and north of the Caspian Sea

Around 29 AD, the northern Xiongnu appeared in the country of Alain, east of the Don River, and this history was recorded in the Biography of the Northern Regions in China and the History of the Roman Empire. The northern Xiongnu killed the king of Aram and completely conquered Aram.

fifth, the fourth stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: west of the Don River and east of the Danube

With the rest and supply in Alain, the northern Xiongnu completely recovered its vitality, and their predatory and greedy nature made them covet the grassland west of the Don River. In 374 AD, the Huns, under the leadership of Da Khan Barrambur, crossed the Don River and launched an attack on the East Goths. ostrogoths was no match for the Huns, but after fighting, it was still a fiasco. Some ostrogoths had to flee to the west and fled to the Visigoths, followed by the Huns, and pursued to the Visigoths' residence. The visigoths set up an army array on the Transnistrian River (which flows through today's Ukraine and Moldova) to meet the Huns, while the Huns secretly crossed the river from the upper reaches of the Transnistrian River at night, and then copied behind the visigoths' army array. The visigoths suffered a disastrous defeat and had to flee westward to the Danube. After the approval of the emperor of the Roman Empire, the East and West Goths were able to cross the Danube and take refuge in the Roman Empire. Since then, due to the cruel oppression of the Goths by the Roman Empire, the Goths have been forced to rebel again. In 378 AD, the Roman Emperor Valens personally recruited the Goths and was killed by the Goths. The empire suffered a heavy blow. At this time, the Huns, because they occupied the prairie in South Russia, temporarily stabilized.

VI. Activities of Huns after occupying the grassland in South Russia

After defeating the Goths and occupying the grassland in South Russia, the Huns were able to rest and the population began to increase sharply. At the same time, a small number of tarkan still harassed neighboring countries: a tarkan crossed the Danube and harassed the Roman Empire with the Goths; Another group of Huns attacked Mesopotamia in 384 AD and captured Edessa. In 396, another group of Huns invaded Sassanian Persian Empire. On the whole, during this period, the Huns basically rested in the grasslands of southern Russia to accumulate strength for the next large-scale invasion.

VII. Activities of Xiongnu Uldin Da Khan

In p>395, the Roman Empire was divided into East and West Rome, while Xiongnu was under the rule of Da Khan in Uldin. Uldin is a very ambitious man. He once told the Governor of Thrace Province in the Eastern Roman Empire that he could conquer any place where solar energy shone, if he wanted to. In 4 AD, the Xiongnu, under the leadership of Uldin Da Khan, began a large-scale invasion to the west, captured the whole Danube basin in one fell swoop, and once invaded Italy. The chain reaction of this incident was to force the tribes in the Danube basin to March into the hinterland of western Rome in order to avoid the Xiongnu. In 41 AD, the Visigoths captured Rome, the capital of the western Roman empire, and the western Roman empire suffered an unprecedented blow. However, Uldin's great ambition of Da Khan died before it was realized. In 48 AD, Uldin led an army to harass the Eastern Roman Empire. When he was preparing to retreat, he was attacked by the Romans, and Uldin Da Khan died in the battlefield.

VIII. Establishment of Xiongnu Empire

With the ever-expanding territory, the Xiongnu Empire, with the Hungarian Plain as its ruling center, was basically established when Oktar was a great Khan, but Khan Wang Ting was stable near Budapest in Hungary today, and this military empire became the most serious threat to the eastern and western Roman empires. After the death of Uldin Da Khan, the Xiongnu Empire was silent for a period of time, but under the leadership of Oktar Da Khan, the Xiongnu Empire began to flourish again. After the death of Oktar, his brother Lu Jia succeeded to the throne. In 422 and 426, Luga Khan ravaged Thrace and Macedonia in the Eastern Roman Empire twice, forcing the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire to pay 35 pounds of gold to the Xiongnu Empire. Since then, the Eastern Roman Empire has been forced to open a trade market to the Xiongnu Empire at the border to ensure the peace of the border, and the glory of the Xiongnu has finally been found back in the West.

IX. Establishment of the rule of Attila Khan

In p>434, Lugar Khan died, and his two nephews Attila and Breda * * * both succeeded to the throne, each in charge of a part of the territory. Shortly after the two Khan ascended the throne, they launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire, demanding that the Eastern Roman Emperor hand over the rebellion of the Huns and double the annual tribute from 35 pounds of gold to 7 pounds of gold. The Eastern Roman Emperor was forced by force and had to agree. In 445, Breda Khan was mysteriously assassinated, and Attila became the only Khan in the Xiongnu Empire. Attila was an ambitious guy. Under his leadership, the whole of Europe was immersed in the fear of Xiongnu, and the heyday of Xiongnu Empire came.

X. Xiongnu Empire in its heyday

After Attila Khan came to power alone, he immediately launched a large-scale war, but the war was directed at northern Europe and eastern Europe. In northern and eastern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons fled to the British Isles to avoid the Huns, while many Germanic and Slavic tribes were defeated and surrendered to the Huns. After consolidating the East and the North, Attila Khan invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, and the troops of the Eastern Roman Empire were defeated one after another. Xiongnu cavalry went deep into the Daniil Strait and the Greek hot spring pass, which seriously threatened the security of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to make peace, and the two sides signed a peace treaty in 448. In addition to paying the Xiongnu 6, pounds of gold immediately, the annual tribute of the Eastern Roman Empire also increased from 7 pounds of gold to 2,1 pounds of gold. At this point, the territory of the Xiongnu Empire reached its peak in the Caspian Sea in the east, the North Sea in the north, the Rhine River in the west and the Alps in the south. However, the wealth of the Eastern Roman Empire has been basically exhausted after the long-term looting by Huns and the heavy burden of annual tribute, so Attila Khan turned his attention to the Western Roman Empire.

Xi. Attila's gallic wars

In p>45, after completing the conquest of the east, north and south, Attila Khan pointed his finger at the Western Roman Empire. In that year, Attila sent messengers to Rome, demanding to marry Princess Nolla, the sister of the western Roman emperor, and demanding that the western Roman empire take half of the land as a dowry. Such excessive and humiliating demands were naturally rejected by the western Roman emperor, so Attila Khan used this as an excuse to launch a war against western Rome. At that time, Attila assembled a large number of Xiongnu soldiers and the servant army of the conquered nation, claiming to be 5,, crossed the Rhine River and launched an attack on Gaul (present-day France) in western Rome. The cities of Gaul, like the prey on the grassland, were destroyed by Huns one by one, and finally the main force of Xiongnu army besieged Orleans, the important town of Gaul. At this point, in the face of the same enemy, the West Romans and the Visigoths temporarily put down their struggle and formed a Coalition to rescue Orleans. In the face of the allied forces, Attila gave up the siege of Orleans and began to maneuver around, looking for an opportunity to fight the enemy. On June 2th, 451 AD, Attila's Xiongnu army, together with the allied forces of West Rome and Visigoth, launched a decisive battle in the suburbs of Paris today. The battle was very fierce. Only one day later, 15, people died on both sides. In the end, the Visigoth king died and the rest of the troops were evacuated from the battlefield. The Xiongnu suffered heavy losses and were unable to attack again, so they had to return to the Rhine River to regain their strength.

XII. Punishment of God's Whip to Western Rome

In p>452, the rested Xiongnu Empire launched a war against Western Rome again, and Attila, known as "God's Whip", began to punish Western Rome. Attila's Xiongnu army crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. Northern Italy was attacked crazily by Huns, and all the cities in the north were destroyed by Huns. Since then, the Huns captured the important town of Aquilea and marched into Rome, the capital of the empire. The western Roman emperor was so frightened that he had to send Pope Leo I to make peace with the Huns. At this time, there was a sudden plague in the Xiongnu army, and the reinforcements of the Eastern Roman Empire arrived in Rome soon. Therefore, Attila promised to make peace, but before withdrawing troops, he still threatened that if the Western Roman emperor did not send his sister Princess Holland Nolla to Xiongnu, he would attack Western Rome. In this way, the Romans watched helplessly as the Huns left with all the looted property, leaving only the ruins in northern Italy.

XIII. The mysterious death of Attila and the disintegration of the Xiongnu Empire

In p>453, Attila Khan married another girl as his wife, but on their wedding night, Attila mysteriously died on the wedding bed. After Attila's death, his sons fought a civil war for the position of Khan, and the Xiongnu Empire collapsed in an instant. The civil war of the Xiongnu Empire gave the enslaved nation an opportunity. In 454, the East Goth and the Gippides formed a coalition and defeated the Xiongnu in Hungary. Since then, the Xiongnu have been forced to retreat to the grasslands of South Russia. In 461, one of Attila's sons attempted to rebuild the Xiongnu Empire and launched the ostrogoths War on the Danube River basin, which failed. In 468, he launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire, and as a result, he died in the battlefield. From then on, the Huns gradually fell silent until they were completely forgotten by history.

Postscript

Shortly after the collapse of the Xiongnu Empire, the Western Roman Empire, which was devastated by the Xiongnu and influenced by the barbarians' westward migration, also went to a dead end. In 476 AD, German mercenaries captured Rome, and the last emperor, 6-year-old romulo, was captured, and the Western Roman Empire died, marking the beginning of the feudal era in Europe.