Baseball or basketball?

Baseball appeared 13 years earlier than basketball, and it is the earliest and most popular sport in America.

Basketball is 189 1 65438+ baseball was founded by Kuijpers in New York State in early February.

There are different legends about the origin of modern baseball. The British believe that it evolved from the "spinning ball" popular in Canada. Americans believe that Kuijpers was founded by A. Doubleday in 1838 in New York State. 1845, A.J. Cartwright of the United States organized a baseball team, and formulated the earliest rules, which stipulated the field pattern and size that are still in use today. 1860 professional baseball players began to appear in the United States; 187 1 The United States established the "National Organization of Professional Baseball Players"; 1876, the organization was renamed as "National Baseball Federation"; 188 1 year, another national professional baseball organization-the later National Professional Baseball Federation was established. 1884, the two organizations held the championship game for the first time, that is, the "World Baseball Championship" was held once a year, and it has continued to this day. 1978 Baseball was adopted as an official Olympic event at the plenary session of the International Olympic Committee held in Athens, Greece on May 20th.

From 1873 when baseball was introduced to Japan from the United States to 1934 when the Japanese professional baseball team was established, baseball gradually became a favorite sport of the Japanese people.

1938, the first amateur world championship was held in London, England. Since then, most tournaments have been held in Central and South America. 1969- 1973 Cuba won five consecutive championships. 10 in the 26th World Amateur Baseball Championship held in Japan in 1980, there were10 countries from Europe, Asia, Central America and North America, plus the last champion Cuba and the host Japan, *** 12 countries participated, followed by Cuba, which was 1976 and/kloc respectively.

Baseball is played in 26 countries in Europe. The members of the European Amateur Baseball Federation include Italy and other countries 1 1. According to the statistics of the Federation 1978, there are about 50,000 athletes and 326 stadiums, and international competitions such as "Mediterranean Cup" and "World Baseball Championship" have been held.

At present, the most popular baseball is America and Japan. In addition, China, Taiwan Province Province, South Korea, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries and Latin America are also very popular.

Basketball:

189 1 year 65438+In Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, the YMCA International Training School (later Springfield College) was invented by the school's physical education teacher Dr. james naismith. At that time, the basketball rules were only 13, and Dr. naismith died in 1939.

He didn't expect that the basketball project created by him actually spread in more than 200 countries, and American basketball is still famous all over the world. It was introduced to Europe by the US military during the First World War.

To commemorate Dr. naismith's achievement in inventing basketball, the james naismith Memorial Hall of Fame of American Basketball was built in the campus of Springfield College.

189 1 year, naismith taught at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. Luther gulick, the head of the physical education department of this school, commissioned him to design an indoor group game to implement the winter physical education class syllabus. He was inspired by the game that local children like to throw balls into peach baskets (peaches are abundant in the local area, and every family has peach baskets) and created basketball games.

At first, naismith nailed two peach baskets to the railing of the stand in the key room. The upper edge of the peach baskets was 3.05 meters from the ground, and they were thrown with football as a game tool. Throw the ball into the basket and score 1 point, and decide the outcome according to the score. Every time you throw the ball into the basket, climb the ladder, take it out and start the game again. In the future, the bamboo basket will be gradually changed into an iron basket with a movable bottom, and then a net will be hung under the iron ring. People call this game "naismith Ball" or "Basketball". After a long time, I named it "Basketball" after repeated discussions with my colleagues.

Naismith invented basketball at the age of 30, but it was ignored for nearly half a century after its birth, and was not respected until 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. 75-year-old naismith arrived in Berlin with the American basketball team, but the coach of the American basketball team was only responsible for his air ticket from the United States to Berlin, not for his hotel and entrance fee in Berlin. The American Olympic Committee turned a blind eye to this, which made the father of basketball feel very heavy.

William jones, the first secretary-general of the International Amateur Basketball Federation, respected and admired him very much. He not only settled his hotel expenses, but also invited him to kick off the first basketball match of the Olympic Games. Before kick-off, Jones introduced the inventor of basketball to all the participating athletes, and naismith was warmly welcomed by everyone. After all the games, Jones arranged for Ness to preside over the award ceremony and awarded him a special Olympic medal in recognition of his achievements in inventing basketball. When a little German girl gave him the laurel of the moon, naismith was ecstatic and threw her hat into the sky.

Naismith died on 1939. In order to remember this basketball pioneer forever, FIBA decided to name the gold cup of the World Men's Basketball Championship "Naismith Cup" at the first Central Bureau meeting held during the World Men's Basketball Championship 1950/kloc-0.

By 1893, nearly modern rebounds, hoops and nets have been formed. In the initial basketball game, there were no strict restrictions on the number of people, the size of the venue and the time of the game. As long as the number of participants is equal. At the beginning of the game, the players of both sides stood outside the two end lines, and the referee blew the whistle and threw the ball into the center of the court. The two sides ran to the court to grab the ball and started the game. The bearer can run to the basket with the ball, and the first person who reaches the predetermined score wins. 1892, naismith formulated 13 rules of the game. The main rules are: don't run with the ball, don't make rough moves, don't hit the ball with a fist, or you will be sentenced to three consecutive fouls and fined 1 minute; The competition time is the first half 15 minutes; The size of the venue is also stipulated. The number of players in the game is gradually reduced to 10, with 9 or 7 players per team. 1893 is set to 5 players per team.

1904 The 3rd Olympic Games, the basketball exhibition match was held for the first time 1. 1908, the United States formulated a unified national basketball rule, which was published in different languages and distributed all over the world. In this way, basketball has gradually spread all over America, Europe and Asia, becoming a worldwide sport. 1936 1 1 The Olympic Games listed men's basketball as an official event, which unified the rules of the world basketball competition. Since then, during the period of 1948, the rule has been revised several times. The important change related to the current rules is that after scoring, the jump ball in the middle circle is changed to the end line of the losing team in the backcourt. The attacker must push the ball to the frontcourt within 10 second; After the ball enters the frontcourt, it is not allowed to return to the backcourt; Offenders are not allowed to stay in the "forbidden zone" for 3 seconds; When the shooter was violated, 1 made a free throw, and 2 missed. In the basketball matches of the1952nd Olympic Games,15th Olympic Games and16th Olympic Games, the International Amateur Basketball Federation twice expanded the "forbidden zone" (also known as the "3-second zone") in the basketball field. It is also stipulated that a team must shoot within 30 seconds after controlling the ball. In the early 1960s, the regulations on 10 seconds and the return of the ball to the backcourt were once suspended, because the touchline midpoint was cancelled after the 1960 17 Olympic Games. 1964 After the Olympic Games, the midfield line will be restored and these regulations will continue to be implemented. 1977, it is added that after each team 10 fouls, two penalties are made for defensive fouls, one for shooting prevention 1 foul, and one for missing penalty 1. After 198 1, 10 fouls, the penalty was reduced to 8 times. Obviously, the change of personnel and the development of skills and tactics have caused the change of rules, and the change of rules has promoted the further development and change of personnel, skills and tactics. Especially since the late 1950s, the changes of rules have constantly put forward new and higher requirements for the offensive and defensive speed of basketball matches, athletes' body, skills, tactics, will and style, and promoted the rapid improvement of basketball technical level. The women's basketball was listed as an official event only in197621Olympic Games.

Basketball was introduced to China from the Chinese YMCA in Tianjin around 1896, and then to the YMCA in Beijing and Shanghai. 19 10 After the men's basketball exhibition match was held in the National Games, basketball activities were gradually carried out in universities and middle schools in major cities across the country, especially in Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai. The rules of the game were simple at that time. Draw a middle circle with a diameter of about 1 m in the center of the court. The center player must put a hand when jumping the ball. The technology is also simple. After the jump ball in the middle circle, whoever receives the ball dribbles it himself, and shoots if he exceeds the defender. I was just dribbling in a straight line. The passing method is to pass the ball with one hand and put your hands on your chest. Running shot is a one-handed low-handed layup. The vertical racket is a low-handed racket with both hands in front of the stomach, no matter how far or near. 1925 or so, the five offensive and defensive athletes have a clear division of labor, center to center, defender to striker, someone staring at people, staring at their opponents. But the striker's duty is to attack and shoot, regardless of retreat; The defender's duty is only to defend the volley, regardless of shooting. Strikers and defenders rarely run all over the field, only the center should give consideration to both offense and defense. Later, it was gradually changed to 1 assisted two defenders (mobile defenders), and 1 stayed in the backcourt (fixed defenders). The two strikers also became 1 staying in the frontcourt to attack the fast break, 1 retreating to the backcourt to help defend. Technical movements have also developed, such as one-handed running shooting and expert shooting, two-handed standing shooting on the chest, one-handed passing and two-handed touching the ground, two-handed dribbling alternately dodging defense and advancing beyond defense. The restricted area and the free throw line have been added to the rules. A player who commits four fouls will be disqualified, and any player with 1 can be punished by the captain. The competition time is divided into the first half and the second half with an interval of 10 minute. After each shot or free throw, jump the ball to the middle circle and start the game again. But since 1926, the basketball level in China has been greatly improved.