Is "Braving the Guandong" true or false?

A real trip to the East in history

Recruit people to reclaim wasteland

1644, the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, and more than 900,000 people from one million Manchu entered the customs from the Dragon. At this time, the northeast is "fertile soil for thousands of miles, no soil." However, due to the war in the Central Plains, the population dropped sharply and the land shortage was alleviated. The cold northeast is not very attractive to farmers in Guanzhong.

However, guarding this "land of Longxing" requires garrisons, and garrisons need rations. In desperation, in 1653, the emperor shunzhi opened an unprecedented preferential policy to attract foreigners to the northeast. At that time, for the farmers who immigrated to Northeast China, the government not only subsidized one bucket of grain per person per month, but also stipulated that six liters of grain would be awarded for each day of reclamation. If you can call others to accompany you, you will also be awarded official positions, and "more than 50 people will be awarded the county master book, all of which will be military" and "more than 60 people will be awarded the state, state and state, all of which will be military". If this number reaches 100, that is.

With such a good policy incentive, "the poor people in roadshows are eager to learn from the wind." In just fifteen years, the population of Fengtian and Jinzhou alone has increased to 65,438+6,000, more than three times that of Shunzhi.

Unfortunately, the honeymoon period of Kanto immigrants' "official feelings and people's wishes" soon came to an abrupt end. After more than ten years of reclamation, the Liaodong area has developed to a certain extent, and the grain produced outside the customs has been able to meet the needs of the local garrison. In order to prevent foreigners from encroaching on Manchu interests too much, in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the Qing court declared the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong invalid and prohibited Han Chinese immigrants from entering the customs.

Since then, immigration has become an illegal act, and "roadshows to protect themselves from poverty" can only "rush" if they go to Kanto again.

ban

Starting from all parts of North China, passing through Shanhaiguan and entering the hinterland of Northeast China, what was originally a smooth "road of immigration" has now turned into a bloody and tragic journey of survival. The strict ban policy has become an invisible but really powerful "passport" for those who "run around here and there".

Early immigrants are very common in all parts of Northeast China. Most of the Eight Banners soldiers stationed all over the country rent their land to the people. Due to the hard work of the Han people who went through the customs, a large area of land outside the customs was reclaimed. Shengjing area, in particular, is a granary outside the customs because of its proximity and good climatic conditions, with cultivated land exceeding10 million mu.

On the other hand, in the Central Plains, due to the rapid population growth, the contradiction between man and land has become increasingly prominent and natural disasters have occurred frequently. The living conditions of the refugees outside the customs pass back to the customs through business trips or letters, so that more poor people are full of yearning for the northeast region.

17 15, Zhou Dexin and Zhou Dechun, two brothers from Menlou Village, Dengzhou District, Shandong Province, embarked on a long journey to Kanto under this background. They are very lucky. Although it failed to catch up with the good years of recruiting people for reclamation in the early Qing Dynasty, there is still a large area of land to be reclaimed in Xiajia Village, Lushun. More importantly, at this time, the imperial court was still in a laissez-faire state of not encouraging or expelling immigrants who ventured into Kanto. After decades of hard work and reproduction, the Zhou family not only stood firm in the village, but also grew stronger and stronger.

A large area of land in the northeast has been gradually reclaimed, and the refugees in the customs have also "broken into" the customs through various channels. In this situation, in 1740, Emperor Qianlong issued a comprehensive ban, which not only prohibited people from emigrating to the customs, but also required those who had emigrated to the customs to either naturalize or return to the customs. Since then, Shanhaiguan only allows businessmen to trade with each other. Anyone who enters and exits Shanhaiguan must hold the tickets printed in the place of origin or trade, and the tickets shall be examined and released.

Shanhaiguan was closed, forced by the government's ban and the increasingly dense population in Liaodong, refugees bypassed other Great Wall passes by land, began to pass through Jinzhou, Guangning and Kaiyuan, broke through the border of Fengtian and flowed into Jilin Province, forming a general trend of refugees going north.

Another large number of refugees had to go by sea. A considerable number of people went ashore from the coastal areas of Lushun, Jinzhou and Dalian, and then went north to look for fertile land, becoming the smuggling "golden triangle" area for those who ventured out to sea later.

As a result of emperor Qianlong's comprehensive ban, the destination of Dongdu gradually expanded from Liaoning to Jilin. Except for some who settled in the "Golden Triangle" area, most of them stayed among illegal immigrants for a short time because of the government's ban, and then went directly to Jilin.

There are more and more refugees, and even some villagers who settled in Dalian and Lushun in the early days began to go north. In A.D. 1776, Zhou, the grandson of the Zhou brothers, left the village where the Zhou brothers lived for 6 1 year with his wife, and moved to another village in the north, where they flourished. In the end, Zhou became the main surname here, and the village was simply called Zhou Jiaweizi.

Wanderers move alone.

Fifty-two years after Ganlong was completely banned, there appeared a "loosening ban" lasting 1 1 year.

1792, the drought in North China, a large number of victims gathered in Shanhaiguan. Qingcheng, governor of Zhili, invited Defu, deputy governor of Shanhaiguan, to "examine separately" and let them go one by one. Faced with the flood of victims, Telford was worried that severe repression would cause civil strife, so he summoned the court to allow "unemployed civilians to go out for food", just "ask their native place and release notes". Emperor Qianlong approved Telford's invitation and quickly issued an order to Shanhaiguan to release all the victims. He also reprimanded the governor of Qingcheng, who stuck to the rules and said, "Those poor people who go through customs with their families can make a living, that is, the number is increasing and they will never cause trouble. Why should they be banned?"

Subsequently, there were fifty-nine years of Qianlong (1794), two years of Jiaqing (1797), five years of Jiaqing (1800), successive years of floods, and six years of Jiaqing (180 1).

In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), the disaster in the Central Plains was slightly alleviated, and Emperor Jiaqing couldn't wait to reiterate the ban on the Northeast. In order to prevent the Han people from staying in business and work, Emperor Jiaqing strictly demanded that "all those who bring their families and mouths are prohibited from exporting".

However, the strong population pressure has always been a lasting and vigorous driving force for farmers in North China to enter Kanto. During the 92 years from 166 1 to 1753, the per capita cultivated land area in Shandong decreased from more than 10 to 7 mu, and from 1766 to 1887, the per capita cultivated land always hovered at the level of two or three mu. With a large population and a small population, it is still difficult to solve the problem of food and clothing in a bumper year, let alone a lean year.

Therefore, although during the Jiaqing period, the ban on people going out of the customs to reclaim land was more and more severe, and the measures taken were more and more severe, in fact, after Jiaqing, people who ventured into Kanto were still prohibited from helping themselves. According to statistics, in the 16th year of Jiaqing, there were 33,025 households in Jilin, with 30,778 1 household (1,8 1), which was 5 times higher than that in Qianlong dynasty. In the 13th year of Jiaqing in Heilongjiang (1808), there were 26,207 households,136,228 people, which was 3.7 times that of Qianlong dynasty. Emperor Jiaqing's strict ban not only failed to stop the wave of going to Guandong, but also made Heilongjiang, which is more remote, a new immigrant destination.

megatrend

Jiaqing's ban was broken when his son Daoguang emperor, and a large-scale immigration climax was set off during Xianfeng period.

At that time, the Qing society was in crisis, with natural and man-made disasters, internal and external troubles. 1833 recorded a flood of the Yellow River in Shandong Province, describing "the Yellow River flows eastward and the victims leave the ground". In some villages in Lijin, "there were heavy casualties, all the families were killed, only a few people were drowned, and houses collapsed and killed people." The tragic situation is indescribable ... thousands of people have been rescued, but there is no place to live, and most people sleep in the suburbs. "

1855, the Yellow River burst at the Tongwa Chamber in Lankao, and the Daqing River was brought into the Bohai Sea. At one time, victims in Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces were everywhere. At the same time, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Nian Army Uprising swept across most of China, and refugees fled to Kanto. It never rains but it pours. The Russian invasion in the north not only occupied a large area of land in China, but also went deep into the three northeastern provinces in an attempt to further occupy this land through de facto colonization.

It is inevitable to lift the ban because of domestic troubles and foreign invasion. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Heilongjiang general Tepuchin played several times and demanded "lifting the ban". The Qing government announced "immigration to the real border" and recruited Han people to open up wasteland. According to the records of Heilongjiang Province, 186 1 year, Hulan and Bayan were recovered one after another. Hulan was insured by Jamie Yang, a citizen, and the court released 2 million hectares (most parts of Northeast China 1 hectare). 1868, Xin Pi ditch and Chunshuiquan, to which Wang Changting belongs, were kept at the bottom, and villagers' tenants claimed 250,000 hectares of wasteland at one time.

1878, the Qing government lifted the ban on the migration of Han women outside the customs, and Han people in the customs even poured into the northeast with their families. More refugees not only come to work in business, but also settle down.

"Immigration War"

In the 1920s and 1930s, the wave of going to the East reached its peak.

After the founding of the Republic of China, China entered a period of all-round warlord melee. The central plains region is the main battlefield suffering from torture. Coupled with several major disasters, a large number of people were displaced and once again collectively turned their attention to the Northeast for survival.

The three northeastern provinces are controlled by Feng's leader Zhang. At this time, Japan, which is deliberate, is already planning to implement a plan to immigrate to the northeast. Their calculation is: through a large number of immigrants, the Yamato nationality will become the main nationality in Northeast China, thus fundamentally assimilating Manchuria and realizing rule.

Although Zhang's rule was supported by Japan, he did not want to be controlled by Japan. In order to counter Japan's immigration plan, he adopted Wang Yongjiang's suggestion, and immigrated from Shandong, Hebei and even Henan and Anhui to the northeast of China in an organized and purposeful way with a population of 3 million per year, far exceeding the foreign immigrants from Russia, Japan and North Korea.

There is no accurate statistics on the number of immigrants from Zhang. However, when Zhang and Zhang Xueliang ruled the Northeast, they vigorously developed industry, mining and commerce, which made the economic situation in the Northeast much better than the average level of Shanhaiguan, and indeed objectively created more and better opportunities for Shanhaiguan refugees to come to the Northeast.

But this situation did not last long. Soon, the September 18th Incident happened. After the incident, Japan implemented a mainland colonial policy of emigrating a large number of Japanese and Koreans to Northeast China, promulgated regulations prohibiting immigrants from North China from working abroad, and strictly restricted immigrants from entering the customs. People in Shanhaiguan don't want to go to the northeast to be conquered. Businessmen who emigrated also helped the elderly and brought young people back to their hometown. "All the ships imported from Dalian are full", and there has been a wave of immigrants returning.