Influence of human activities on flood and drought disasters in the Yellow River Basin in Tang Dynasty

The impact of human activities on flood and drought disasters in the Yellow River Basin mainly has the following factors: > 1. Irrational land reclamation. The Yellow River has been a muddy river since ancient times. Therefore, the ecological environment of the Yellow River basin has a great influence on the occurrence of flood and drought disasters in this basin. Good grassland vegetation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River can greatly reduce floods in the middle and lower reaches. However, in the Tang Dynasty, northwest China was a national reclamation area, and a large area of land was reclaimed as farmland. According to historical records, in order to prevent the invasion of northern Turks and western Tubo, they actively stationed troops in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. In the second year of Lu Dao (680), Heiya often attended Heyuan Army and "opened more than 5,000 hectares of land". When Yuanhe was in middle school, Prime Minister Li Jiang invited him to open a farm. He was appointed as the ambassador of Huawei Zhenwu in Hanzhong, Yingxi Yingtian in Jingxi and Hehuo Water Transportation. "From the north, 300 hectares of farmland have been cultivated ... from Zhenwu in the east to Yunzhou in the west, which is extremely surrendered to the city, with more than 600 miles and 20 columns, covering an area of more than 3,800 hectares." At the end of Yamato (835), Wang Qi invited him to visit Lingwu and Lining Yingtian. Better to make Bi Jian keep a scholar and open a farm. Land reclamation in the Tang Dynasty turned a large area of land in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River into farmland. Although at that time, it also increased the grain income and solved the problem of grain supply for the army, in the long run, it destroyed the local ecological balance, aggravated the climate drought, and appeared a large area of grassland and desert. For example, in the early 5th century, the Mu Us sandy land was rich in aquatic plants, and Helian Bobo was rich in aquatic plants here, so it was chosen to build Tongwan City. Ordos Plateau was an important pasture for horses in the early 6th century, with many rivers. However, since the 8th century, the Mu Us Sandy Land and Ordos Plateau have become "quicksand", and the ecological environment has deteriorated. In the second year of Changqing in Tang Dynasty (822), Wantong City became a "high city with flying sand", which reflected the further deterioration of vegetation and environment. The destruction of vegetation in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River has increased the sediment content of the Yellow River, which has accumulated in the middle and lower reaches, raised the downstream riverbed and increased the frequency of flood disasters. In the Tang dynasty, in order to expand the area of cultivated land and encourage reclamation. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, the economy was the most prosperous and the cultivated land area increased greatly. Gullies have also been turned into farmland. For the Yellow River basin, summer and autumn are rainy seasons, and flash floods will occur during heavy rains. After the rainy season, drought and climate imbalance often occur. & gt2. Large areas of forest have been cut down. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the construction of a large number of palaces and the use of charcoal, the forests in the Yellow River Basin were cut down in large quantities. According to the records of the Tang Dynasty, there are palaces under construction, Taihe Palace and Renzhi Palace in yijun county, Yizhou. At that time, Daming Palace and Luo Yang Palace were built, and Yuhua Palace was built in Fenghuang Valley, yijun county, as Feixian Palace and Yingcheng Palace. Stone, Jianyuan Temple, Jianming Hall, Fengtian Palace in the south of Songshan Mountain, Sanyang Palace in Songyang County, Xingtai Palace in Wanan Mountain, Shouan County, Lianggong in Baduyuan, Wanquan Palace in Lantian County, Mianchi Palace and Lianggong in Yong 'an County, Yongzhou. At that time, Jiaotai Hall and Changsheng Hall were built, Qin Zheng Building, Mingguang Building, Yi Ming Building and Wangchun Palace were built, and a hot spring palace was set up in Lishan. Tang Dezong built Xuanwu Building and Wang Xianlou; When I was in Tang Xianzong, I worked in Yong 'an Hall and Baoqing Hall. Tang Jingzong repaired Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty; Tang Wenzong Shi Xiu Anfu Building, Liang Yitang, Ganlutang and Ziyun Building; When Tang Wuzong builds Sendai, it will build a fairy building; ..... Due to the construction of a large number of palaces and pavilions, trees near the two capitals were completely cut down during the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty (742-756). In the 13th year of Zhenyuan (797), Pei Yanling, assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance of Tang Dezong, said, "There are thousands of trees in the same state, all of which are seven or eight feet long." The emperor said, "It reflects the large-scale disappearance of forests in the Yellow River basin in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to building palaces and cutting down forests, the use of charcoal for heating and cooking in the Tang Dynasty also reduced the forest area. Tang has charcoal messengers who are responsible for charcoal supply in Beijing and various bureaucracies. "Selling Charcoal Weng" records the situation that farmers in Beijing "cut wages and burn charcoal halfway up the mountain" in order to sell charcoal. In the Tang dynasty, the army often cut wages as logistical supplies. "The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (142) Biography of Wang Ting": "The country destroyed thieves from the Xian Zong, Bai Zang. Mu Zong acceded to the throne, reward too much, and your town * * *, hundreds of financial resources exhausted. When the town had more than 150,000 soldiers, just out of its territory, they returned to Du Zhi and set the north and south as the army. Now that we have gone deep into the thief's territory, it is difficult to get rid of it, and the meager salary will not continue. The army is more divided. " In addition, the development of mountainous areas has also reduced forest resources. Forests have the functions of water conservation and soil reinforcement. The reduction of forest area in the Yellow River basin, especially in mountainous areas, has led to the destruction of ecological balance, drought in rainy season and flash floods, which have greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River, caused flooding of the river and brought disasters to residents in Beijing and nearby areas. & gt At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the frequency and destruction of Yellow River immigrants increased day by day. According to Chronology of Major Natural Disasters and Anomalies in Ancient China, the Yellow River diverted twice in the Tang Dynasty, with 14 overflows, and there were 38 floods in the Yellow River basin. & gt The Yellow River disaster is mainly caused by human factors. Since the late Tang Dynasty, large areas of virgin forests in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River have been cut down indiscriminately, large areas of pastures have been reclaimed as cultivated land, and natural vegetation has been destroyed. Serious soil erosion leads to frequent floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River was diverted twice. Once, in the second year of Tang Jingfu (893), nearly a hundred miles of diversion occurred in Bohai County, Binzhou. "Taiping Universe Binzhou" records: "The old Yellow River is 60 miles northwest of the county seat, and the river was diverted in the second year of Jingfu." Another diversion occurred in the third year of Tang Dynasty (896), which was caused by human factors. In April this year, in order to protect the slippery state, Zhu Quanzhong ordered to open a river to build a dike, "because the two rivers are separated by more than a thousand miles". According to historical records, breaches often occurred in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the Tang Dynasty. From 655 to 906, Zhengzhou (1 time, now Xingyang, Zhengzhou and western Yuanyang, Henan), Huazhou (3 times, now Jixian, hua county and eastern Xunxian, Henan), Daming House (1 time, now Daming, wei county, Guantao and Nanle. The bursting of the Yellow River means a big flood. For example, in the second year of Tang Ruyi (693), the Yellow River in Shandong flooded, with "more than 2,000 bad residents". In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (699), the Yellow River flooded in Henan, and "the river overflowed Huaizhou, drifting more than a thousand homes". The Yellow River burst 14 times in the Tang Dynasty, and it spread to Henan eight times, two of which were particularly serious. In 722, the tenth year of Tang Kaiyuan, "in July, in Jiazi, Huai, Wei, Zheng, Slip, Ling, Pu, Xu and other states, rivers flooded, branches flew everywhere, everyone lived in boats, thousands of people died, and assets were gone". This is a serious flood. Seven states were flooded, and thousands of victims, houses, properties, fields and crops were looted by the flood. Another river flood occurred in the 14th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (726). "There are fifty rivers in the world in autumn, especially in Henan and Hebei, and the tributaries of rivers are flooding. Huai, Wei, Zheng, Slip, Bian and Pu Min all lived on the boat, and thousands of people died. " Only four years later, the tragedy was repeated in the same area, and the flood of the Yellow River once again brought profound disasters to the people of Henan. & gt In the Tang Dynasty, floods and droughts occurred frequently in the Yellow River basin. During the more than 200 years of the Tang Dynasty, there were few good years. Sometimes there is seasonal or interannual drought, sometimes there is continuous rain and waterlogging, and sometimes there is a drought and waterlogging every year. And the consequences of drought and flood disasters are quite serious. Drought caused crops to die and crops to fail. Rain and waterlogging caused houses to collapse, people and animals were killed and injured, and fields were flooded, causing famine. According to the records of New Tang Book, Old Tang Book and Tang Yaohui, the floods and droughts in Zhongzhou area in Tang Dynasty were as follows: > In the first year of Zhenguan (627), floods occurred in Shandong provinces. & gt Zhenguan four years (630), Xuzhoushui. & gt In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), in August, floods occurred in forty states in Shandong and Henan. & gt In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), floods occurred in thirty states of Shandong and Henan. & gt In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), floods occurred in Shandong, Henan and Huainan in August. & gt In the tenth year of Zhenguan (636), there was a flood near Huaihai in the 28th year of Guandong. & gt In the eleventh year of Zhenguan (637), "In autumn and July, heavy rain, grain and water overflowed into Luoyang Palace, reaching four feet deep, and the doors were opened and destroyed, with 19 temples; Luoshui overflows and floats hundreds of households. " & gt In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644), floods occurred in ancient, Yu, Song and Bohai countries. & gt In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Qinshui and Yizhou waters were harmful to crops. & gt In the fourth year of Yonghui (653), there was a severe drought in summer and autumn, especially in Yingzhou. & gt In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), "In June, crops were damaged by water in Slippery, Border and Zhengzhou; The flood in Luozhou destroyed Tianjin Bridge. " & gt In the first year of General Chapter (668), there was a "great drought in Jingshi, Shandong and Jianghuai". & gt In the second year of Yifeng (677), a summer drought occurred in Henan and Hebei. & gt In September of the first year of Yonglong (680), floods occurred in Henan and Hebei provinces, and some people drowned. & gt In the second year of Yonglong (6,865,438+0), in August, there were "more than 100,000 flood-damaged residents in Hebei, Henan". & gt On June 12th, the first year of Yongchun (682), "it rained for days, and by the 23rd, Luoshui surged, damaging more than 200 houses in Lide, Jinghong, Jingxing and other places in Henan, damaging Tianjin Bridge and Zhongqiao, and cutting off pedestrians for many days. First of all, there was a heavy rain, and it was like hanging streams, so it was a conflict. ..... Hunger in middle schools ... From Shaanxi to Los Angeles, countless people died. " & gt In March of the second year of Yongchun (683), the Yellow River in Luozhou was drowned in Ayang County, and the water level was five or six feet higher than that in the city. From salt ridge below to Shili lime in the county, plus advection, the north-south road of the bridge is completely broken. " In the summer of the same year, Henan and Hebei were dry. & gt Hanging arch for four years (688), in February, "Shandong and Henan are very hungry." & gt In the first year of Yongchang (689), there was a drought in March. & gt In the first year of Ruyi (692), in April, Luoshui flooded and Yongchang Bridge was damaged. There are more than 400 floating residents. In July, Luoshui flooded and more than 5,000 residents drifted. In August, the river flooded and damaged Heyang County. & gt Longevity for two years (693), "Eleventh Henan Province, Water". & gt in the first year of Shen Gong (697), "Nineteen entered Henan, and the water". & gt In the first year of the Gregorian calendar (698), in June, "On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, Luoshui surged, with more than 2,000 houses damaged and many people drowned". & gt In the second year of the Gregorian calendar (699), "In July, it rained heavily in Chen Bing, and Luoshui was bad for Tianjin Bridge. In the area, the river overflowed Huaizhou and drifted through thousands of households. " & gt in the first year of IX (700), October, Luozhou Water. & gt In the second year of Chang 'an (702), "Spring, no rain, as for next May". & gt Three years in Chang 'an (703) "There is no snow in winter, as for next February". & gt Chang 'an four years (704) "From September to October, it was dark day and night, with rain and snow. There are people and animals, and there are people who starve to death. " & gt In July of the first year of Shenlong (705), "Luoshui rose, and there were more than 2,000 bad people in Lushe". & gt In April of the second year of Shenlong (706), "Luoshui flooded, and Tianjin Bridge was damaged, drifting in Lushe, drowning thousands of people". "There is no rain in winter. As for May next year, the capital, Hebei and Henan will be dry and hungry." & gt In the summer of the third year of Shenlong (707), "more than 20 states in Shandong and Hebei suffered from drought, and more than 2,000 people starved to death". Kaiyuan three years (7 15), Henan, Hebei water. & gt In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), in July, Ding You and Luoshui flooded and hundreds of ships sank. & gt in the fifth year of kaiyuan (7 17), in June, it rained cats and dogs in Renshen and Gongxian, destroying more than 700 houses in Guo Yi and killing 72 people. More than 200 people drowned by the river that day. " In the sixth year of Kaiyuan (7 18), in June, a rising tide lifts all boats in Shen Jia. The bad guys left their homes and drowned more than a thousand people. & gt In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), on the night of June, there was a rainstorm in the east and the valley was flooded. Land houses in Xin 'an, Mianchi and Gongxian of Shou 'an, Henan Province have been emptied, and 8 15 people drowned. Xu, Wei and other states have 1 140 people drowned in idle soldiers. "> In the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722), in May," there was heavy rain in the east, and the water in Iraq and especially flooded, which damaged thousands of houses in Henan, Xu, Ru, Xian and Chen, and drowned many people ". & gt in the 11th year of kaiyuan (723), in November, "since the capital, there has been heavy snow in Shandong and Huainan, with more than three feet of land". & gt In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), a flood occurred in Yuzhou in June. & gt In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), there was a summer drought. "Autumn in July, Guichou, Wei Shui soared into the cabin, drifting States chartered hundreds of ships, and many drowned. It's autumn now. Fifteen states say drought and frost, and five states say water, especially in Henan and Hebei. "> In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), drought occurred in Henan, Song and Bo. & gt in the 18th year of kaiyuan (730), in June, "the water in Dudong rose, damaging the chartering of Yang, Chu, Zi and De. At noon, Du Dongluo flooded, damaging the Doumen in Jinmen, Yongji and Caoqu, damaging the shops and battlements outside the city gate, and damaging more than 1,000 households. "> In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (73 1)," Autumn, Henan water, harmful to crops ". & gt In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), "Autumn, Song, Slippery, Yanzhou, Yun and other states were flooded". & gt In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), "Autumn, Guanfu in Henan, more than ten miles, water, harmful to crops". & gt In the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740), "October 13th in Henan County, Shuishui". & gt in the 29th year of kaiyuan (74 1), "the flood overflowed Iraq, Luohe and Zhizhuan, destroying people's houses, leaving no crops in autumn, destroying Tianjin Bridge, the eastern capital, the eastern and western troughs, and the northern states of Henan, all drowning". & gt In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), "In September, Dongdu and Luoyi were destroyed, and the 19th Square was destroyed". & gt In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), "Dongdulo soared, without 19 parties". & gt In the second year of Yongtai (766), there were dozens of states in Henan. & gt Twelve years of Dali (777), autumn, "heavy rain. It's year old, with drought in spring and summer and rainy in autumn, winter and August, especially in Henan. When the ground is five feet deep, the river will burst and the field will drown. "> In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), there was a drought in Shaanxi. "Spring drought, no wheat seedlings. As for August, the drought is very serious, the wells are all exhausted and there is no water. "> In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), in the summer," Du Dong, Henan, Jingnan and Huainan rivers flooded, and bad people lived in Lushe ". & gt In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), in autumn, "heavy rain flooded more than 40 states in Hebei, Shannan and Jianghuai, and drowned more than 20,000 people". & gt In the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan (802), there was drought in Xia, Shen, Guang and Cai counties. & gt In the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), Xu Zhouzou: Heavy rain destroyed mountains, and water flowed out, drowning more than a thousand people. & gt In May of the 11th year of Yuan Dynasty (8 16), there were heavy rains in both cities, which damaged 40,000 hectares of farmland, especially in Zhao Ying, and people drowned. ..... Chen, Xu and other states each lost their fields. & gt In the twelfth year of Yuanhe (8 17), autumn, heavy rain, and water in the north of Henan Province harmed crops. & gt In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), there was heavy rain in Songcang, Jing and other states. Since June, Gui You has gone to Dinghai, and Lusheng has completely disappeared. & gt In the fourth year of Changqing (824), in November, floods occurred in Gyeonggi, Henan, Jiangnan and Hunan. & gt In June of the second year of Daiwa (828), Zhou Chen's autumn harvest was flooded. & gt In the fourth year of Daiwa (830), Tianlu in Xia, Cao, Pu and Bad City came to an end. ..... Xuzhou has been raining heavily since May, and the water depth is eight feet. Most of the residents are in Languo County. In that year 1 1 month, crops in Gyeonggi, Henan, Jiangnan and other places were affected. & gt In the sixth year of Daiwa (832), there was a drought in Hedong, Henan and Guanfu. & gt In the eighth year of Daiwa (834), there were droughts in summer, Shaanxi and China. & gt In the ninth year of Daiwa (835), in autumn, droughts occurred in Jingzhao, Henan, He Zhong, Shaanxi, China and Tongzhou. & gt In the second year of Kaicheng (837), in August, "there were floods in the eastern states of Shannan, and there were no crops at all". & gt in the second year of Xian Tong (86 1), "it won't rain in autumn in Henan and Huainan, but as for next June". & gt He worked for five years (878), "Autumn, heavy rain, Fen, Yue and River flooded crops". & gt It can be seen that the frequent occurrence of natural disasters in Zhongzhou area not only brings endless disasters to the production and life of local people, but also seriously hinders the social and economic development in rural areas. Since ancient times, people have brought irreparable negative effects on the disorderly development and utilization of natural resources, and also made us realize the dialectical relationship between human activities and nature from the historical development. In the modernization of the new century, people should consciously accept the experience and lessons left by history, abandon the traditional economic development model, establish Scientific Outlook on Development, enhance environmental awareness, and actively promote the construction of new socialist countryside. This is the guarantee for building a harmonious society and taking the road of sustainable development, and it is also a valuable experience left by history.