Were there many Shaanxi immigrants in ancient Hankou?

Immigrants mainly include the following categories: (1) Survival immigrants from north to south. These immigrants are the types of immigrants who have to move to other areas for their own survival. Their purpose is to survive, and the motive force of migration lies in the thrust of their original place of residence. Such as natural disasters, wars, population pressure, and conflicts between places. Historically, such immigrants accounted for the vast majority of immigrants. Three waves of southward migration in history all belong to this type of immigrants. This type of migration has also appeared in the migration history of Wuhan. For example, in the first wave of northerners moving south after Yongjia Rebellion, immigrants moved to Wuhan and set up overseas Chinese county in Runan. After the Anshi Rebellion, a large number of surviving immigrants moved to Wuhan, which led to the extraordinary population growth in Wuhan. Refugees bankrupted by floods also flowed into Wuhan. Engaged in handicrafts or other odd jobs, some of whom settled down and became immigrants. For example, according to the second volume of Wang Baoxin's Continued Talk about Hankou, there were many foreign victims in Hankou at that time, which were called shed people. "The shed people are all victims of the upper reaches of Jianghan. They flowed into Wuhan, stopped in reed sheds, and lived on the banks of Hanshui River. Later, they got used to it. Since then, every autumn and winter, the shed people have never filled the provincial capital Seoul. " Sometimes it hurts. Wang Baoxin's "Zhi Zhu Ci of the Sixth Han Dynasty" has a special description of the tent households: "The tent households are as short as a vault, as small as a boat, and they are heartless and afraid of sparks, and they are not pitiful in long-term affairs." This kind of immigration has its own characteristics: First, it lasts for a long time. Historically, from the pre-Qin dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the migration movement from north to south never stopped, but it was different in scale. The duration is different each time. Because Wuhan is located in the middle, it is the center of north-south traffic and east-west traffic. Influenced by this immigration trend, Wuhan's immigration history naturally has this feature. Surviving immigrants almost run through the history of Wuhan's development, but few are recorded in historical books. Second, the emigration places are relatively concentrated. 56. The main reason for the migration of surviving immigrants lies in the influence of natural and man-made disasters. The occurrence of natural and man-made disasters has the characteristics of geographical concentration, so there has been an immigration movement from immigrants from the same place to the same place. In the history of Wu Han, this type of immigrants mainly came from Henan and other places in the north, and then from the counties around Wuhan, few immigrants from other regions were seen. Thirdly, due to the influence of migration reasons, the migration direction is the same, so there will generally be a large-scale migration movement. This does not mean the overall size of immigrants. It refers to the scale of each migration. After Yongjia Rebellion and Anshi Rebellion, the migration movement to Wuhan had this characteristic. (2) Business immigrants refer to those who emigrate in pursuit of business profits. This is a new migration brought about by the development of commodity economy. Wuhan is an important commodity gathering place with developed commercial economy and prosperous market. It provides a good market environment for businessmen to pursue profits. Commercial immigrants can be traced back to the Tang and Song Dynasties, and there were more in Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty. Compared with the above-mentioned survival immigrants, business immigrants have obviously different characteristics. First, the migration duration is short. The history of survival immigrants almost runs through the whole development history of Wuhan, while commercial immigrants only started in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The latter lasts much shorter than the former. Second, the migration time is not concentrated. As mentioned above, the migration motivation of general survival immigrants is natural disasters and man-made disasters, which often have the characteristics of concentrated and instantaneous outbreaks, so the migration time of immigrants is also concentrated. The migration motivation of commercial immigrants is the attraction of huge commercial interests in the place of migration, not the thrust of the place of origin. It does not have the characteristics of instantaneous explosion. Therefore, it is impossible to focus on the time of migration. Through our investigation on this kind of commercial immigrants, it is found that the time they moved to Wuhan is almost random and normal, and it is difficult to divide them into obvious stages. Third, the locations of immigrants are scattered and extensive. As mentioned above, there are few sources of immigrants who generally survive. On the contrary, the sources of commercial immigrants are much wider and have the characteristics of decentralization. This is particularly evident among the immigrants in Hankou. In historical books, words such as "five parties living together" and "four parties gathering" are often used to describe the extensiveness of immigration sources. For example, the second volume of "Hankou Congtan" said that Hankou "has a large number of five people." In the area of Jijiazui in the Han Dynasty, "merchants gathered. The five parties are mixed, especially in the bustling areas of the six cities of Han. " Volume 5 of the Annals of Six Counties in the Summer of the Republic of China lists the pavilions and pavilions set up in Hankou by businessmen from all over the country. These museums cover a wide range of areas, such as Huaiqing Guild Hall established by Henan people, Shanshan Guild Hall established by Shanxi and Shaanxi people, Xin 'an Guild Hall and Huizhou Guild Hall established by Huizhou merchants, Jiangnan Jingnan Guild Hall, Jinting Guild Hall, Jingjiang Guild Hall and Shangyuan Guild Hall established by Jiangsu merchants. Yuan Ning Guild Hall founded by Jiangning merchants, Satin Founded by Jiangsu and Zhejiang Merchants-A Preliminary Study of Wuhan Immigrants in History, No.4, 2003 by Song Chuanyin: Jiangsu and Zhejiang CCBA, Ningbo CCBA established by Ningbo merchants, Fujian CCBA established by Fujian merchants, Wanshou Palace established by merchants from six provinces such as Nanchang, Jiangxi, Chenzhou CCBA established by merchants from Yuanling, southern Hunan, and Baoqing CCBA established by merchants from Huanggang and other places in this province. From one side, it shows the universality of Wuhan businessmen's sources, and it can also be used to illustrate the universality of commercial immigrants' sources. (3) Political migration, that is, forced migration by administrative or military means. In the history of China, there are many such immigrants in various ways. Or when the opposing sides are at war with each other, plunder each other's population and move them to their own areas; Or transfer criminals and demoted officials to remote areas. This type of immigration mainly occurred in the early history of Wuhan, and most of the immigrants in the first stage above belong to this type. Such immigrants are generally small in scale and scattered in time, and do not occupy a very important position in Wuhan history. Third, the factors affecting immigration (1) Geographical location Wuhan has been able to move in so many immigrants in history. First of all, it is related to its geographical location. Wuhan is located in the middle, at the intersection of Jianghan, and the traffic has always been developed. Known as the "thoroughfare of nine provinces". In the immigration history of China, Hubei and Wuhan are mainly immigrant areas. There are two routes for immigrants to move into Hubei: the north-south line and the east-west line. The population migration on the north-south line mainly occurred before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the immigrants mainly went south, such as the Yongjia Rebellion mentioned earlier. After Anshi Rebellion and Jingkang Rebellion, there were three emigration climaxes. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the population migration in the east-west line has not been completely separated from the population migration in the north-south line, but overlapped with each other in time. In fact, the population migration in the east-west line is a manifestation of population migration in the process of the development of the Yangtze River basin from east to west. Since the Six Dynasties, the development of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River has undergone significant changes. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, the national economic center of gravity had shifted to the Yangtze River basin, and the lower reaches with higher economic development began to move to the middle and upper reaches. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi, which was superior to Hubei in economic development and human development, moved to Hubei on a large scale, forming the climax of population migration. In the Qing Dynasty, Hubei, where the number of human H increased sharply, migrated to the four seasons in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, forming a migration wave of "Huguang filling Sichuan I". Or immigrants from the east and west. Affected by geographical location, immigrants will move to Hubei or Wuhan. This is particularly evident in the population migration along the north-south line. In the population migration along the North-South Line, immigrants are mainly survival immigrants who escape from chaos. Because there are many wars in the north and the south is relatively stable, whenever wars break out, people will migrate to the relatively stable south. Such immigrants usually have no clear destination. As long as they avoid war-torn places, relatively stable places with convenient transportation have become their first choice. In the route of northerners going south, Hubei is the only place to pass, which is relatively stable compared with the north, so a considerable number of northerners have moved to Hubei. Most of their migration sites first choose Xiangyang and Jingzhou, and then go south to Wuhan. After Yongjia Rebellion, people who moved to Hubei from the north mainly concentrated in Jingxiang area. At that time, there were many overseas Chinese counties and counties established by the government in Jingxiang area, but relatively few in Wuhan area. Only the immigrants from runan county moved to Wuchang. After the Anshi Rebellion, northern immigrants began to gather in Xiangyang, but Xiangyang immediately became a battlefield, and the immigrants gathered in Xiangyang went south again, some arrived in Jiangling, and some arrived in Ezhou with Wuhan as the center. (2) Economic Development In the history of immigrants in China, sometimes there were immigrants in areas with inconvenient transportation. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, there was an immigration climax of "Huguang filling Sichuan I". In the minority areas in southwest Hubei, after the Qing Dynasty, a large number of immigrants moved in. This shows that there is a deeper reason behind the geographical location, that is, economic development. As mentioned above, historically, the migration purpose of immigrants from the north and south lines was to seek a stable living environment. The motive of migration is the thrust of the original place of residence. As far as a region is concerned, to accommodate a certain number of immigrants, it must be supported by certain economic strength. In other words, immigrants must be able to survive where they move in. Otherwise, even after moving in, their stay will not last long, and they will flow to other places suitable for their survival. People who move in at this time will not become immigrants. They are just unstable refugees. As far as agriculture is concerned, there must be a considerable amount of idle land for immigrants to settle down. As far as a city is concerned, there must be developed industry and commerce, and immigrants can survive by workshops and markets. Wuhan has always been commercially developed, and its entrepot trade is very prosperous. Therefore, as far as the types of immigrants are concerned, they are mainly commercial immigrants. (3) The change of Wuhan's status. To accommodate a certain number of migrants, an area must have a corresponding population capacity. The size of population capacity is closely related to regional economic development at first, and also to regional political status. As far as a city is concerned, it must have a certain city scale to accommodate a certain number of migrants. Similarly, the expansion of urban scale is closely related to economic development, especially industrial and commercial development, and is also consistent with the change of urban political status. This shows that the change of Wuhan's urban status will have a far-reaching impact on the scale and types of immigrants ... 57. Jianghan University Volume 22 Wuhan experienced a long development process before the end of the Han Dynasty, but there were no castles in the urban area. Of course, this has nothing to do with politics. As you can imagine, in this case, it is impossible for large-scale immigrants to move in, and even if there are, the type can only be political immigrants. Great changes have taken place in the history of Wuhan during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a castle in Wuhan. At that time, there was a Moon City in Hanyang, with an area of less than 20,000 square meters, just around Jianghan Bridge today. During the Three Kingdoms period, Jiankang (now Nanjing), the capital of Wu State, built the Yangtze River. In the cold weapon era, the Yangtze River was a natural barrier. Wuhan was regarded as the upper reaches of the Yangtze River at that time. In order to protect health, we must control Ezhou today and Wuhan today. Otherwise, it's convenient to go downstream and go straight to Jiankang. So Dongwu often sent heavy troops to this Ezhou and Wuhan, and in 223, the early year of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quan built a city in this Wuchang area. It was named Xia 13 City. Sun Quan also built an ideal city in Guishan, Hanyang. Because Lu Su, a general of the State of Wu, was guarding it, it was called Lushan City. Since then, many cities have been built in Wuhan. The basic pattern of Wuhan urban architecture was established in the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, Niu Sengru built Ezhou City as Wuchang Army, with an area three times that of Wuxiakou City. Together with Hanyang City, it has formed a twin city in Wuhan history. During this period, Wuhan was not only a military town, but also a regional administrative center. At the same time, it also promoted the development of urban economy. This change in urban status has had an impact on the immigration pattern. The northern immigrants were able to gain a foothold in Wuhan after Yongjia Rebellion, and the establishment of runan county, an overseas Chinese county, was inseparable from the city scale of Wuhan at that time, that is, it had a considerable city scale. It can accommodate a certain number of migrants. Although the population of Ezhou City in the Tang Dynasty increased greatly because of the immigrants after the Anshi Rebellion, these immigrants could not survive without the city scale that could accommodate these immigrants. In the Song Dynasty, with the prosperity of commerce and trade, Wuhan became not only a regional administrative center, but also a regional economic center. Lu You described in "Entering Shu": "The wealth of the city is complicated in appearance. The Nancheng outside the city is a few miles away. Although Tang Cheng (now Hangzhou) and Jiankang (now Nanjing) cannot cross it, it is a hidden metropolis. The city status of "four famous towns" not only provides a migration place for survival immigrants, but also provides a migration area for commercial immigrants. After the rise of Hankou, Wuhan evolved into a pattern of three towns, especially Hankou, which was the largest city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River at that time. Liu Xianting, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, recorded in Yang Guang Miscellanies: "Hankou is not the throat of Chu Province, but goods from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Jiangxi are all transshipped here, and the most important thing is not to dominate the world. There are four places in the world, with Jingshi in the north, Foshan in the south, Suzhou in the east and Hankou in the west. However, Suzhou is outside the East China Sea, and Hankou is the only western city. "Hankou can become an immigrant city, and the residents are all semi-Hakkas", which obviously benefits from the change of urban status. Of course, immigration has also brought positive influence to the development of urban economy. In a word, the relationship between city size and immigration is mutual, and the two are mutually causal.