German immigrants in Rizhao

I. Location Scope and Important Geographical Things

Location: Latitude: North Temperate Zone (30° N-45° N) Land and Sea: East Asia and Western Pacific.

Scope: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, four major islands and many small islands.

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

1. Topography: Mountains and hills are dominant (3/4), narrow plains are distributed in coastal areas, and Kanto Plain is the largest;

Multi-volcano earthquake (Mount Fuji: active volcano, the highest)-the boundary between Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate, the crust is unstable.

2. Climate: temperate maritime monsoon climate (mild winter with more precipitation; Summer is cool and rainy.

Rich)

3. River: short and swift (reason: more precipitation, more mountains and less land)

4. Biology: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest with high forest coverage (75%)

5. Resources: Forest and water resources are abundant, but mineral resources are poor.

Third, the geographical characteristics of humanistic economy.

1. Humanities (1) has a large population of1.200 million, with high density, high level of urbanization and high population quality.

(2) race: yellow race, Yamato race; (3) Religion: mainly Buddhism, partly Christianity.

(4) Food: staple rice, non-staple food: fishery products.

2. Economy

(1) Developed agriculture

Planting: narrow plain, small population, high rice yield and self-sufficiency.

Measures: small agricultural machinery; Developing water conservancy; Rational use of chemical fertilizers; Cultivate improved varieties, etc

Developed fishery: offshore fishing and offshore aquaculture are developed. The cold current of Kuril Islands meets the warm current of Japan, forming the famous Hokkaido fishing ground.

Others: Fruits and vegetables are planted in hilly areas, but they still need to be imported in large quantities.

(2) The industry is developed, second only to the United States.

Development conditions: favorable conditions: abundant high-quality labor force; High level of science and technology, convenient shipping conditions.

Disadvantages: lack of industrial raw materials and energy, narrow domestic market.

Development mode: export-oriented economy-imported raw materials (coal: China, Australia; Oil: Middle East; Iron: barium

West, Australia, India), export products and actively explore foreign markets.

Main industrial sectors: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics, chemistry, textile.

Main foreign trade targets: the United States, Asia and Western Europe.

Industrial Zone: Pacific Coast Industrial Zone, Seto Inland Sea Industrial Zone: Keihin, Nagoya, Hanshin,

Kitakyushu and Setouchi Industrial Zone (many excellent harbors, convenient for shipping) Kitakyushu is a "silicon island".

Evaluation: Although Japanese industry is developed, it relies too much on raw material import and product export, and its economy is fragile.

(3) City: Capital: Tokyo

Ports or industrial cities: Kobe, Yokohama (the largest foreign trade port), Nagoya, Fukuyama, Osaka, Kitakyushu!

Yindu

I. Location and scope

(1) position

Latitude: tropical and north temperate (mostly at 65 438+00 N-35 N, 70° E-95° E).

Location of land and sea: south of Himalayas, south of Indian Ocean, west of Arabian Sea and east of Bay of Bengal.

(2) Scope: seven countries and one region.

Second, the general situation of physical geography

(1) Topography: Three topographic regions.

Northern mountainous areas-mainly the Central Himalayan Plain-Indus Plain and Ganges Plain.

Southern Plateau-Deccan Plateau, East-West Kochi Mountains and Coastal Plain.

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate.

The annual high temperature is divided into dry season and rainy season: dry season 10- May of the following year (10- February of the following year is cool season, March-May is hot season), and rainy season is June-September. Due to the terrain, the temperature is higher than the same latitude (the northern mountains block the cold air flow in winter).

Rain pole -Kilapangqi (summer monsoon, windward slope)

Northwest tropical desert climate: distributed in Indian desert, controlled by subtropical high in winter, with little precipitation; The southwest wind of summer monsoon can't reach it.

The destruction of forests in history

(3) Hydrology

Affected by the monsoon climate, the river flow is large and the seasonal change is obvious.

1. Ganges: Originating in the Himalayas, it flows through the northwest of India, flows downstream through Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal. Ganges Delta is the largest delta in South Asia, and varanasi in the middle reaches of Ganges River is the holy land of Hinduism.

2. Yarlung Zangbo River: A tributary of the Ganges, with the Yarlung Zangbo River in the upper reaches.

Three. Socioeconomic survey

(1) population

The second largest country in population: the population exceeds 654.38+0 billion; White race; Rapid population growth; In a multi-ethnic country, most residents believe in Hinduism.

(1) Agriculture

1. favorable conditions for development: large cultivated land area (half of the country); Fertile soil (long history of farming); Sufficient heat and moisture

Disadvantages: frequent droughts and floods (strong summer monsoon, or coming early and leaving late-floods; The summer monsoon is weak, or it comes late and goes early-drought) 3. Distribution: Climate and topography directly affect the distribution of crops.

The precipitation in the north generally increases from west to east; There is more precipitation along the southern coast of the peninsula and less precipitation on the mainland.

Wheat likes temperature and drought tolerance-cotton likes temperature and drought tolerance in the upper and middle reaches of Ganges River and northwest of Deccan Plateau-northwest of Deccan Plateau.

Rice in the middle and lower reaches of the coastal plain likes warm water and tea, while the Ganges Plain in the northeast mountainous area likes warm water and rain and the windward slope.

Jute likes warm weather, rain and water-the lower reaches of Ganges Plain in northeast China.

4. Agricultural reform

(1) About the Green Revolution:

Background: Overpopulation, frequent droughts and floods and unstable agriculture.

Core: Popularize advanced farming system (changing dry land into paddy field, changing one-year cropping into two-year cropping) and high-yield improved varieties.

Effect: The grain output has been greatly improved, and it can be self-sufficient in normal years.

(2) White Revolution: In 1980s, milk production was increased, national nutrition was increased, and national physique was improved.

(3) Blue Revolution: developing mariculture.

Geographical location of Russia (1): North temperate zone, North frigid zone (50? N-70？ N) longitude position: 30? E- 180？

Land and sea location: Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Baltic Sea in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and other countries in the south.

(ii) Scope

Europe 1/4, population 3/4; Three quarters of Asia, population 1/4. It is a European country across the Eurasian continent.

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

(1) Terrain: relatively flat, with a large area of plains and plateaus (main terrain areas and boundaries).

(2) Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant (long cold winter, short warm summer, less precipitation, slightly concentrated summer).

1. temperate continental climate: most areas. Temperate monsoon: East Pacific coast.

3. Temperate grassland climate: southwest of China. Mediterranean climate: Black Sea coast.

5. polar climate: in the arctic circle

(3) Hydrology

1. Volga River: Originating in the plain of Eastern Europe, it flows into the Black Sea, with a total length of 3,600 kilometers, ranking first in Europe, with abundant water energy and convenient shipping. There is a canal connected with the Don River, leading to the Black Sea.

2. ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River: Originated in the southern mountainous areas, they entered the Arctic Ocean northward, with abundant water and long glacial period. There is ice flood in late autumn and early winter, and swamps and frozen soil are widely distributed in the lower reaches.

3. Lake Baikal: the deepest lake in the world (1600 m)

(4) Biology: temperate grassland, coniferous forest belt in sub-cold zone.

(5) Resources: extremely rich, including forests, grasslands, hydropower, water resources and mineral resources.

Mineral resources: Oil: Tyumen Oilfield, Second Baku, Iron: Kursk, Coal: Kuzbas.

Three. Socioeconomic survey

(1) population

65.438+0.5 billion yuan, concentrated in the plains of Eastern Europe, mainly whites, Russians and Christians, with high quality and low natural population growth rate.

(b) Agriculture: due to climatic factors, the output is unstable and needs to be imported.

1. Distribution: Eastern Europe Plain and Southton River Basin.

2. Main agricultural products: wheat, beet, potato, sunflower, flax, etc.

(3) Industry: heavy industry.

1. Conditions: rich in resources and strong in science and technology.

2. Distribution: Moscow Industrial Zone and St. Petersburg Industrial Zone-machinery, chemistry and light industry.

Ural industrial zone-steel and machinery

Novosibirsk Industrial Zone-Heavy Industry and Military Industry

(4) Cities

Capital-Moscow: the largest city, the largest comprehensive industry, the most important transportation hub and political and cultural center.

(Red Square in Kremlin)

St Petersburg, a seaport in the Baltic Sea, is the second largest city.

Vladivostok-the main seaport along the Pacific coast

Murmansk-an all-year-round ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean.

Germany

I. Location and scope

(1) position

Latitude and longitude position: North temperate zone (47? n-54？ n， 10？ e)

Land and sea location: central Europe, northern North Sea, Baltic Sea; Land borders nine countries.

Traffic location: Europe's land "crossroads", with convenient land and water transportation.

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

(1) Terrain: high in the south and low in the north.

North german plain in the north and a wide valley in the middle; South Bavaria Plateau and Alps

② Climate

Transition from temperate maritime climate to temperate continental climate

North german plain is more maritime, with cold winters, cool summers and more precipitation.

The southern plateau is mountainous, with low latitude, many valleys, long sunshine time and high temperature.

(3) Hydrology: There are many rivers, large amount of water and convenient shipping.

1. Danube, Rhine, Elbe, etc. 2. Rivers are connected by canals, forming a dense water transport network.

(4) Biology

South temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, grassland and photophilic plants (5) Resources: rich in coal and potassium salt.

Third, the characteristics of economic geography.

(1) population

Dense population, white people, German nationality, Christian belief, high level of urbanization, developed small and medium-sized cities, high quality of labor force and low natural population growth rate.

(2) Agriculture

North german plain: The terrain is flat, the climate is cold, the rainfall is sufficient, the heat is insufficient, the soil is barren, and the management is extensive. Animal husbandry is the main industry, and there are also some cold-tolerant crops, such as barley, rye and potatoes.

Mountain areas in the southern plateau: the temperature in the south is high, the sunshine is sufficient and the soil is good.

Valley area: grapes, tobacco, fruits, hops;

Alpine areas: forests, pastures.

(3) Industry: Among the developed capitalist countries, Europe has the strongest economic strength.

Development conditions: abundant coal; Convenient water transportation; Strong science and technology; Broad market, high-quality labor force,

Industrial sector: old industrial sector: coal, steel, chemistry, machinery manufacturing.

Emerging industrial sectors: aerospace, aircraft manufacturing, microelectronics, etc

Industrial Center: Ruhr District (please refer to the second compulsory volume of senior high school for the reasons for the rise and fall of Ruhr District and the rectification measures).

(4) Cities

Berlin: the capital and largest city.

Hamburg: the largest port and shipbuilding center.

Frankfurt: the world's largest airport, railway hub, chemical city, seat of the European Central Bank and an important financial center.

Munich; Stuttgart: A New Industrial City

Oceania

I. Scope and location

(1) position

Latitude and longitude position: tropical and south temperate zone (25? N-50？ s)； Longitude (1 10? E- 180- 140？ w)

Location of land and sea: the Australian mainland and surrounding islands, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

(ii) Scope

Mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Zealand (North Island and South Island), Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.

Two. general survey

1. The smallest continent with the least population (except Antarctica)

2. Race: white, with many immigrants.

3. Transportation: strategic location (supply station between Asia and America; Submarine cable exchange station)

Australia

I. Scope and location

Latitude and longitude position: Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle (120? E- 150？ E) Land and sea location: mainland Australia, western and southern Indian Ocean, eastern and northern Pacific Ocean.

(ii) Scope

Mainland Australia and Tasmania cover an area of 7.68 million square kilometers.

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

(1) Terrain: mainly plains and plateaus.

East: Great Watershed

Middle part: The great artesian basin in the plain is high on both sides and low in the middle, forming a confined water structure with high salinity (flowing through the aquifer for a long distance and dissolving some salt substances), which is not suitable for irrigation and can be used as drinking water for livestock.

West: Plateau (200-500m lower)

(2) Climate: semi-circular distribution

The midwest near the tropic of Capricorn is the inner half ring: tropical desert climate.

Central half ring: north of the Tropic of Cancer, tropical grassland climate; South, subtropical grassland climate

The outer half of the coastal area: tropical rain forest, subtropical humid, temperate maritime climate, Mediterranean climate.

(c) Hydrology: there are few rivers and lakes.

Murray river: Originated in the west of the Great Divide, its important tributary is the Darling River, which flows southwest into the Indian Ocean (estuary Mediterranean).

Aier Lake: the lowest place in the state-16m.

(4) Biology

Semicircular forest in the north-semi-circular grassland in the middle-semi-circular desert in the interior

Endemic animals: emu, kangaroo, platypus (long-term isolation, lack of communication, simple natural conditions)

(5) Resources: vast grassland. Mineral resources: rich in coal, iron, bauxite and manganese.

Third, the characteristics of economic geography.

1. Population: vast territory but sparsely populated (2 persons/km), white, descended from British immigrants, Christian, with a high level of urbanization.

2. Agriculture: mixed agriculture, exporting a lot of wheat and wool.

Conditions: climate plain, water source, transportation, low land rent, vast land and sparsely populated, and market.

Advantages: benign ecosystem; Make effective use of time to arrange farming activities; Flexible and adaptable to the market.

3. Industry: mining, metallurgy, machinery, chemistry, textiles (coal and iron ore exports).

4. Cities: Canberra (political center), Sydney (largest city, port), Melbourne (second largest city), Perth (southwest, Mediterranean climate).

United States of America

I. Location and scope

(1) Location:

Latitude: temperate zone (30? N-50？ N) Mainly sub-frigid zone in Alaska, frigid zone and hawaiian tropic.

Sea and land; Central North America borders the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Mexico in the south.

(2) Scope: Mainland China (48 states and one SAR), Alaska and Hawaii; The fourth largest country

Second, the physical and geographical characteristics

(1) Terrain: The terrain is mainly plain, supplemented by mountains.

Mountains: Rocky Mountains in the west, coastal mountains, Sierra Nevada (mountain plateau basin) and Appalachian Mountains in the east.

Plain: Central Plain and Mississippi River Plain.

(b) Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant.

1. temperate continental climate. Temperate grassland climate

3. Subtropical humid climate; It is hot in summer, with more precipitation and mild and little rain in winter.

4. Mediterranean climate. Temperate maritime climate

(3) Hydrology: There are many rivers and lakes with a large amount of water.

1. Great Lakes (see North America)

2. Mississippi River: Originating near the Great Lakes and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, it is the fourth longest river and the longest river in the world. Many tributaries and canals are connected with the Great Lakes, forming a huge inland shipping system with convenient shipping; Main irrigation water sources in central and southern China; This tributary is rich in water power.

3. Colorado River: Originating in the Rocky Mountains, it mainly relies on the supply of meltwater from snow and ice, flows through arid and semi-arid areas and flows into the Gulf of California, providing valuable water sources for irrigating agricultural areas.

(4) Resources-natural resources such as minerals, forests and grasslands are abundant, and the reserves and output of coal, oil, natural gas, copper and iron are among the highest in the world.

Coal-oil near Appalachian Mountains-iron along the Gulf Coast-along the Great Lakes.

Three. General situation of human geography

(1) population

Immigrant countries, with a population of 270 million, mainly white, black 13% and overseas Chinese 1.65 million, have a high level of urbanization (over 70%). The northeast is densely populated, and the western plateau is sparsely populated. It has moved from the northeast to the "sunshine zone" in the south and west.

(b) Agriculture: Modern agriculture has made great progress, with a large output of agricultural products.

1. Development conditions: vast cultivated land (110 global), mild and humid climate; Abundant water, fertile soil, broad market, high degree of mechanization and scientific breeding.

2. The main agricultural products: wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, tobacco, milk and meat are among the highest in the world.

Tropical cash crops need to be imported.

3. Characteristics of agricultural development

Modernization of agricultural production: scientific breeding, mechanized production, high efficiency and large output.

Specialization of agricultural production: according to natural conditions and market demand

Corn belt (upper Mississippi plain) and wheat area (northern and central Great Plains)

Cotton Belt (Lower Mississippi Plain and Southern Great Plains)

Dairy belt (Northeast)

Animal husbandry and irrigated agricultural areas (western mountainous areas)

Agricultural development model: commodity grain agriculture

(3) Industry: the industrial output value is the largest, while the amount of imported consumer goods is also the largest, and foreign trade imports are greater than exports.

1. development conditions: strong industrial base, developed science and technology, rich resources, broad market and convenient land and water transportation.

2. Industrial distribution:

Northeast China: rich in coal and iron resources and convenient for water transportation;

National steel, automobile, chemical and other industries

Centers: Chicago, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, etc. There is also an important industrial and commercial center-new york; capital

-Washington, Philadelphia, etc.

Southern region: rich in oil, warm climate, clean environment, high technology level and convenient transportation.

Oil, aircraft, aerospace, electronics and other industrial zones.

Houston is an oil and space center.

Western region: Pacific coast, beautiful environment, mild climate and convenient transportation.

Aerospace and electronic aircraft manufacturing

Center: San Francisco (Silicon Valley) and Los Angeles (the most populous city in the west) where Chinese gather.

(d) Cities: forming a megalopolis: Atlantic coast and Great Lakes coast.

(5) Transportation: Railway transportation is mainly east-west, and air and water transportation are developed.

Brazil

I. Location and Scope The country with the largest tropical area between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Second, the general situation of physical geography;

Terrain: 1/3 plain, 2/3 plateau climate: tropical rain forest, grassland climate.

Hydrology: Amazon River

Resources: iron, tropical rain forest: accounting for 30% of the world's forest resources, a treasure house for regulating climate and biological resources.

The crisis of tropical rain forest-destruction;

One is that foreign companies hire local farmers to cut down trees on a large scale, and the other is that they migrate agriculture in a predatory way.

Hazard: the animal and plant resources are destroyed; The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising, and the global climate is warming.

Measures: it is forbidden to set fire to open up wasteland, restrict the export of logs and build nature reserves.

Three. Overview of social economy

(1) Population: 90% is on the eastern coast (mild climate and convenient transportation), with complex ethnic groups, including Portuguese and Catholicism.

(2) Agriculture: Rainforest Immigrants Agricultural Tropical Cash Crops Plantations: Coffee (primary output), Sugarcane, Banana and Sisal.

Wheat needs to be imported.

(3) Industry

Conditions: abundant resources, convenient transportation and advanced technology.

Plate: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, nuclear power, communication, electronics, etc. Distribution: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro.

Energy: Coal and oil are scarce, but water resources are abundant (90% hydropower).

(4) Cities

Brasilia: a new highland city with political purpose and beautiful environment.

Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

Fourth, other countries (Keywords)

Mexico: Plateau Corn Oil Silver Maya Culture Cactus Mexico City

Argentina: Ranch grazing in Buenos Aires

Chile: Santiago, a long and narrow country with copper nitrate.

Oceania

I. Scope and location

(1) position

Latitude and longitude position: tropical and south temperate zone (25? N-50？ s)； Longitude (1 10? E- 180- 140？ w)

Location of land and sea: the Australian mainland and surrounding islands, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

(ii) Scope

Mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Zealand (North Island and South Island), Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.

Two. general survey

1. The smallest continent with the least population (except Antarctica)

2. Race: white, with many immigrants.

3. Transportation: strategic location (supply station between Asia and America; Submarine cable exchange station)

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