The History of Urban Changes in Xi 'an, the Ancient Capital

At noon 12, the north ring road is particularly blocked. Outside the window, there are small restaurants and crowded people on one side, and on the other side, across the road, the blue-gray ancient city wall stands like a silent elder, quietly overlooking the traffic here.

This is the ruins of the Ming Dynasty city wall, which is now the center of the city and used to be the imperial city.

Schematic diagram of ancient capital site

0 1 ? The earliest twin cities, Gao Feng, were in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

In the farming era, cities generally choose places with water.

Unlike the Weihe River, which has a wide riverbed and many swamps on both sides, the Fenghe River is quiet and warm, and it is the first choice for life on the Guanzhong Plain.

Book of Songs:

? "Guan Guanluo dove, in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. "

? "Jane Jane warehouse, the millennium is frost. The so-called Iraqis are on the water side. "

It is said that all this happened by the Feng River.

The Book of Songs also said, "King Wen was ordered to have this martial art, not only to cut worship, but also to enrich the city." What do you mean?

This is a story about Zhou Wenwang Ji Chang who killed Duke Guo Chong in 1 1 century BC, established the Zhou Dynasty, and established Fengjing, the capital of Fenghe River.

A year after the capital was established, King Wen drove the crane to the west, and his son, Zhou Wuwang Ji Fa, acceded to the throne and built Haojing in the east of Fenghe River.

Fengjing has ancestral temples and gardens, and often holds sacrificial activities; Haojiang is the administrative center where Zhou Wang lives. Fenghao went hand in hand with Beijing and became the earliest twin cities in China.

More importantly, they are the starting point of Xi 'an Jiancheng.

Geographical map of fenghao second Beijing

02 ? Qin Xianyang Xingcheng

In 350 BC, Qin Xiaogong made its capital Xianyang, which was located thirty or forty miles northeast of Fengjing.

Nearly 130 years later, Qin Shihuang transformed Xianyang into a grand and unified empire, and also wrote a smart, brave and ambitious character symbol for the development of the city.

Schematic diagram of Xianyang Palace in Qin Dynasty

The practice of Qin Shihuang is as follows:

First, grasp the military, engage in economy, grab talents and stabilize the basic disk of urban development.

Xianyang city spans the north and south of Weihe River, with Weibei engaged in military and state management and Weinan engaged in economy. When Qin Shihuang moved to120,000 Xianyang, most of them came to Weinan, and the industrial and commercial economy developed rapidly. In this way, the double take-off of military national defense and economic development has been steadily realized.

Second, look up at the starry sky and work hard on the "astronomical phenomena".

Qin Shihuang simulated the Milky Way constellation, with Xianyang Palace as the "celestial pole" and Weishui as the "heavenly Han". At the same time, 270 buildings within 200 miles are connected by complex technologies, such as driveways, multiple roads and tunnels. In the end, the celestial phenomena in the imperial palace of Xianyang Palace were completely constructed from spirit to form with the attitude of the stars arching the pole.

Schematic diagram of celestial phenomena

Third, show domineering/ambition with the big pattern of "all over the world, is it the land of kings".

We know that the Guanzhong plain is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and the Qin Dynasty took mountains and rivers as its natural sanitation. Using economic and traffic control, the surrounding suburban counties are condensed as social defense lines to build the Guanzhong Plain economic circle.

Is it a big pattern? Actually, it's ambitious Because in the mind of the first emperor, the city means the whole world, not just Guanzhong.

The above three steps have created the famous Qin Xianyang.

However, the reality is cruel. In just fourteen years, the change of dynasty eclipsed Xianyang Palace.

03 ? Han Chang 'an, Satellite City

In 202 BC, the Western Han Dynasty.

Different from Qin's plan to build a palace view with "celestial phenomena", the Western Han Dynasty built seven satellite cities, creating an unprecedented Guanzhong urban agglomeration before the feudal dynasty.

There are two reasons why this super-advanced economic structure can be formed: one is the influence of the supernatural funeral project in Qin and Han dynasties, and the other is the crazy construction of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Satellite City: Originated from Mausoleum City.

In terms of policy, the emperor moved the old aristocratic families and emerging dignitaries from all over the country while working on the mausoleum city project to enrich the mausoleum city and avoid becoming an empty city.

In the market, people came and found that the city was full of central palaces, and the supply of land and commerce was insufficient, so they had to live, work and consume in the supernatural areas.

With the centralization of Chang 'an city, talents, funds and economic activities are concentrated in the supernatural area, forming a satellite city.

Central city: There are many palaces.

There are many palaces in Chang 'an, accounting for two-thirds of the total, as shown in the picture.

Schematic diagram of Han Chang' an city

In 206 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang moved into Xingle Palace on the outskirts of Xianyang, Qin Dynasty, and changed its name to Changle Palace.

Two years later, Weiyang Palace and Gong Bei were built.

After a short-term practice of reviving people's livelihood through the rule of Wenjing, the construction mode of crazy demons was opened in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty:

In BC 138, Shanglinyuan was built;

BC 129, he crossed the canal;

In 120 BC, Kunming pool was opened;

By BC 104, when Zhanggong Palace was completed, the place in the city was already very tense. According to records, "the emperor built a wide sky in Weiyang, taking the city as a small place, and built a flying pavilion in Hengcheng in the west of the palace, built a palace, and built roads."

In BC 10 1 year, Mingguang Palace and Gui Palace were also built one after another.

So all the way to urban construction, abruptly let two-thirds of the land in Han Chang' an become private houses. Apart from the residences of major government agencies, imperial courtiers and ordinary people supported by the royal and government ecological circles, there is basically no room for other functions in the city.

65,438 +0 palace central cities +7 mausoleum satellite cities have formed the Guanzhong urban agglomeration, which is much larger than Rome, Byzantium and Baghdad in the same period and has become a world famous city.

However, when the prosperous times were exhausted, Wang Mang replaced Han, and Chang 'an was destroyed in World War I.. Later Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty and other *** 10 dynasties also established their capitals here, which lasted for nearly 800 years, but there was no heyday of Qin and Han Dynasties.

04 ? The Entrepreneurial Templates of Miyagi, Imperial City and Foreign Guo Cheng

In 582 AD, Sui.

Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty inherited Chang 'an, the old capital of Han Dynasty, from the Northern Zhou regime. The groundwater pollution in the old capital is serious, and the Weihe River in the north is uncertain, which is a hidden danger of flooding. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty had to consider building a new capital.

The south slope of Longshouyuan in the southeast is the highest point of this land. Under the auspices of architect Yuwen Kai, Longshou Garden built a new capital, named Daxing.

The rule of the Sui Dynasty was a flash in the pan in the history of China, only 37 years. However, the urban structure of Daxing's new capital, Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng, is a long-term example for later generations of Changan!

Schematic diagram of Daxing city in Sui Dynasty

05 ? The highest light moment in the ancient capital Xi.

In 6 18 AD, Emperor Taizong made its capital Daxing and changed its name to "Chang 'an".

The dazzling highlights are reflected in the construction of concrete cities, which are grand in scale and vigorous in momentum; In the abstract economic development, it is embodied in the eclecticism of culture.

First of all, the bearing framework of Chang 'an City's scale and momentum consists of Sangong, 108 Square and East-West City, with Chengtianmen in Miyagi, Zhuquemen in Imperial City and Mingdemen in Outer Guo Cheng as the axis, and the chess game is arranged.

Schematic diagram of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty

Three palaces.

Taiji Palace is similar to Daxing City in Sui Dynasty. It is used by the emperor for office and daily life, and there is a palace in the west for ladies to rest; In the east, there is the East Palace where the Prince lives.

After living in Taiji Palace for a period of time, Emperor Taizong found it damp, so he built Daming Palace in the east of Taiji Palace, which later became Tang Gaozong's office.

Xingqing Palace was the residence of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty when he was king of Linzi. After he ascended the throne, this became the residence of him and Yang Guifei. It can be said that it is very affectionate.

108 square.

There are 1 1 streets in the north and south, and 14 streets in the east and west. Chessboard road partition 1 14 square. After the southeast corner of Guo Cheng is included in Qujiang Pool, excluding the land occupied by Dongxicheng, it is actually 108 square.

There are four doors in the square, and there are cross street, winding alley and mansion in the square. If you want to know more about the Fang culture in Tang Dynasty, you can watch The Longest Day in Chang 'an.

East and west cities.

Dongcheng is very close to Sangong, surrounded by royalty, celebrities and luxury goods sellers, just like the CBD now.

Western markets are diverse, which is more grounded for ordinary people and foreign businessmen.

"Where are the flowers going? Laugh into Huji Wine Shop." It's about the western market.

Chang' an twelve o'clock stills

Secondly, the economic prosperity of Chang 'an City is inseparable from the eclecticism and opening up of the Tang Dynasty.

The national strength of the Tang Dynasty is at the top of the C wave in the world. Merchants from all over the world gathered in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty; Nearly 100 foreign envoys came to study and exchange, and imperial academy and Taixue also accepted more than 30,000 global talents; Hu Shi and Hu Zhuang brought new customs to Chang 'an with immigrants, such as the small Mazar on the Hu bed, which made the Tang people no longer stick to kneeling posture and became the trend of the times.

Flowers bloom and fall. Chang 'an, a prosperous city in the Tang Dynasty, was in ruins after several fires and wars during the Tang Zhaozong period, leaving only the imperial city.

06? ? Xi 'an, Northwest Center in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, Xi was an important military, political and economic center in northwest China.

Ming City was formed by expanding eastward and northward in a new town built in the Tang Dynasty. The east-west and north-south streets are the skeleton of the city, and the bell and drum tower is the center of the city.

The overall scale of Xi Anfu City in Qing Dynasty has not changed. The whole city in the northeast of the city is a closed military area, and Cheng Nan in the southeast corner is the garrison of the Han army. Only the western half of the city is reserved for residents.

Schematic diagram of Xi 'an space in Qing Dynasty

During the Republic of China, Longhai Railway arrived in Xi 'an, Xi 'an's economy became active, and cotton spinning, flour and textile industries rose.

It is worth mentioning that the Ming City Wall is the most complete city wall site in China at present, within reach; The cultural heritage of the mosque and Huimin block near the Drum Tower in the city center still exists today.

Ming city wall scene

07 ? "Development" or "Protection"? This is a problem.

For an ancient capital like Xi 'an, the key to her development after the founding of the People's Republic of China is to see how she handles the conflict between development and protection.

This is a problem that ancient capitals such as Xi and Beijing must solve in the face of the development of the new era.

Throughout the planning of Xi 'an since the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are no big mistakes and no classics. The way to deal with Xi 'an's old and new problems is to follow Beijing.

1950, Liang Sicheng and Chen Zhanxiang put forward the Liang Chen plan of Beijing urban planning. It is suggested to establish a new administrative region west of Fuxingmen. Divide the old city and protect it as much as possible.

Not long after, the Soviet Union's plan of "expanding on the basis of the old city", which was quite different from Chen Liang's plan, was recognized by the central authorities.

1953, an important meeting in Beijing confirmed Beijing's decision to tear down the old and build a new one. Liang Sicheng burst into tears on the spot, and Chen Liang's plan was stillborn.

Schematic diagram of Chen Liang's scheme

The situation in Xi 'an is similar. 1950, Xi 'an urban development plan plans to build a new city on the west side of Ming City. However, the reorganization plan of 1952 stopped the westward strategy. Instead, we will develop outward with the old city as the center and build a new city on the old city.

Commercial and residential development in the central area, ordnance textile development in the eastern suburbs, electrician city in the western suburbs, key sites protection in the northeastern suburbs, and science, education and culture development in the southern suburbs. Above all, the spatial prototype of modern Xi 'an is isomorphic.

1March, 966 12, Deng Xiaoping inspected Xi 'an Aircraft Factory.

In 1980s, the requirements for the protection of ancient capitals tightened, and at the same time, rapid urbanization appeared. The Master Plan of Xi City (1980-2000) approved by 1983 strengthens the protection and environmental management of the site. In urban space, a single-center concentric circle model has been opened, which is sometimes called "spreading pie".

Since the 1990s, the real estate industry has taken off, the construction of new districts and towns has surged, and the pace of urban expansion has accelerated. Axis belt, multi-center and satellite city have become the mainstream choices of urban construction.

1992, Xi' an set out to compile the Xi' an Urban Master Plan (1995-20 10), and put forward "central group, peripheral group, axial distribution and strip development". The high-tech zone in the west and Qujiang in the south also gained new influence at this stage.

"Xi Urban Master Plan (2008-2020)" has established the urban pattern of main urban area, economic development axis of Longhai Line, axis of Guanzhong Ring Road, belt, ring and multi-center.

Fourth planning traffic map

There may be a gap between the catchy ideas in the planning and the reality, and satellite cities and multi-centers have not really emerged yet.

From the development of Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, it can be seen that the path of forming a city center is inseparable from the gathering of talents.

And talents follow the industry/occupation.

08 History's Gift to Xi 'an

Xi has many cultural heritages.

There are more than 40 national key cultural relics protection units, more than 60 provincial cultural relics protection units, nearly 200 county-level cultural relics protection units, and about 3,000 registered cultural relics sites. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty are included in the World Heritage List.

Xi 'an's history is really heavy.

In the past, the dynasty tended to build its capital in Xi 'an, because the geographical position here was easy to defend but difficult to attack. However, when the importance of military defense among cities fades and economic development is ahead, defense and barriers become the restrictive factors.

After the Tang Dynasty, the economic center of China moved eastward, and the long-term accumulation of economic differences between the north and the south and between the east and the west aggravated the difficulty of catching up with Xi 'an, the ancient capital.

History endows Xi 'an with soft resources of cultural creativity that cannot be copied.

The pioneering work of the former Qin Dynasty and the openness and diversity of the Tang Dynasty in this life have injected long-term innovative genes and cultural heritage into this land, people and customs. Innovation and culture are one of the core carrying capacities of future urban development.

What will Xi 'an's future be like?

It is necessary to break the old and establish the new, ride the wind and waves, and find new advantages for development.

end

Space observation notes of urban development participants

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