The origin of Norman in northern Europe?

(Norsemen or Northmen), belonging to the Germanic people who made predatory and commercial explorations from their original places of residence in northern Europe, Jutland and Scandinavia to countries in continental Europe in the 8th-1/kloc-0 century. Normans who settled in the British Isles, western Europe and southern Europe were quickly assimilated by local residents, while Normans who established a principality in northwest France accepted the political systems of France, Christianity and France, established Normans in England in 1066, and established Sicily kingdom in southern Italy. Norman was also called "Viking". The Normans designated Vikings and their descendants living in northern France (or the Frankish Kingdom). The Normans established the Principality of Normandy, sent troops to southern Italy, Sicily, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and immigrated to these areas.

national history

Norman (the name comes from Nortmanni, which means "northerner") was originally a pagan savage pirate from Denmark, Norway and Iceland. In the 8th century, it began to carry out destructive and predatory attacks on European coastal colonies. In the late 9th century, their attacks on the northern and western coasts of France increased in scale and frequency. Around 900 AD, the Vikings gained a permanent foothold on the land of Franks in the lower reaches of the Seine. A Viking named Rollo was famous for his heroic performance in leading the Vikings to attack Scotland and Ireland, and soon became an outstanding figure among the new colonists. In 9 1 1, Charles III, the fool of the Frankish king, signed the Treaty of Upt St. Clare with Rollo, ceding the estuary of the Seine River and the present city of Rouen to Rollo. Within a generation, the vikings or normans, as people first knew, had spread their influence westward to basse-normandie. From that time to the middle of 1 1 century, the Norman history in Normandy was characterized by a series of struggles between cruel and powerful rulers, who claimed to be the Duke or Earl of Normandy and established political hegemony to rule the Franks born and raised in Normandy.

Although the Normans finally converted to Christianity, adopted French, and settled in Normandy for decades, abandoned sea harassment and adopted Frank cavalry tactics, they still retained many characteristics of their Viking ancestors. They show extremely uneasy and reckless temperament, almost stupid belligerence, and shameless and disloyal intrigues. In the subsequent expansion to other parts of Europe, the Normans set an amazing adventure record, often conquering enemies several times their own with only a few people. The unparalleled ability to cross the sea quickly, the use of brutal violence, and the premature use and value of money are all characteristics of the Normans.

After the adventurous Normans settled in Normandy, they launched several major territorial expansion campaigns in Europe. The most important one is that William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. After he conquered England, he became king of England. This battle is now called the Norman Conquest. 1 1 At the beginning of the century, Norman adventurers began to move around slightly. They went to southern Italy and Sicily as mercenaries of local nobles to fight Arabs and Byzantines. When more and more Normans moved here, they got some small principalities from their old employers. Among them, the most famous Norman adventurer was the son of Tancredi de Hauteville, who ruled Calabria and Puglia in southern Italy in A.D. 1050 and Sicily in the following decades. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Roger II, the grandson of Tancredi, merged the above areas and established the Kingdom of Sicily. The rulers of this kingdom basically retained the Norman character until the end of 12 century.

Among the characteristics of Norman, his contemporaries thought that the completely unconstrained personality and the ability to imitate and adapt quickly and successfully were very distinctive. The characteristics of the previous paragraph are helpful to form a series of particularly capable and cruel rulers through a process similar to natural selection after the emergence of Norman countries. Many Norman rulers in Normandy, England, Sicily and other places were able to establish stable and long-term political organizations and become the most powerful and successful secular monarchs in Western Europe at that time. Similarly, the mainstream population in Britain today is still Norman.