What are the advantages and characteristics of Manchuria in the late Ming Dynasty?

Manchuria has the dual meanings of place name and country name. Geographically, the Qing Dynasty is mainly used to refer to the whole of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the northeast of China today, plus the northeast of Inner Mongolia (formerly "Dongsi League", now Hulunbeier City, Xing 'an League, Tongliao City and Chifeng City) and the south of Waixing 'an Mountains (including Sakhalin Island). Since17th century, the name "Manchuria" has been used to address the residence of Manchu people. As a national title, Manchuria used to refer to Manchu (the "standard bearer") and was called Manchu after the Revolution of 1911.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, China, Japan and Russia competed for this region, which is well known to all.

Name source

There are many theories about the origin of "Manchuria". One argument is that "Manchuria" is the homonym of the name of Li Manzhu, the ancestor of Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department in Jianzhou. The second argument is that due to the rotation of five elements and five virtues in the ancient dynasty of China, the Ming Dynasty was a fire virtue, and the Chinese characters "Man" and "Zhou" were all beside the water character. This practice of Huang taiji is to put out the fire with water to make it clear. The third argument is that Manchuria is a transliteration of "Schumann", which is the name of Manjusri Bodhisattva by Tibetans, and its full name is Shuman Shili Bodhisattva. However, this statement is not recognized by most historians.

The specific location of Manchuria

Nanman-refers to Zhuanghe, Anton (now Dandong), Tonghua, Linjiang, Qingyuan and Liaozhong in the southwest of Shenyang at that time. -Pages 30 1, 306, 32 1 and 37 1. )。

Dongman-refers to Jilin, Xi 'an (now Dongliao), Yanji, Antu, Dunhua and other areas east of Shenyang-Changchun Line on Zhongchang Road at that time. -Page 300, 32 1. )、

Ximan-refers to Qiqihar, Taonan (now Tao An), Fuyu, Shuangliao, Kailu, Fuxin and other areas west of the Shenyang-Harbin line of Zhongchang Road at that time. -Pages 300, 306, 32 1.

Beiman-refers to Harbin, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Bei 'an and other areas.

history

Manchuria in the national sense is the people ruled by the Eight Banners system established during the period of Huang Taiji, that is, the "flag bearer". 16 16, the leader of the nuzhen nationality, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, established the late Jin Dynasty and launched an attack on the Ming Dynasty. In order to eliminate the negative influence of this name, Huang Taiji changed the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria" in 1635, and the name "Manchuria" was used to address the Manchu people's residence.

In ancient China, the southeast of China was called Su Shen, Jurchen, etc. From the Warring States to the Western Jin Dynasty, Liaoning has always belonged to China. Later, Xianbei people established Yan Qian and Houyan here, which were immediately annexed by Koguryo. After the downfall of Koguryo in the Tang Dynasty, Liaoning returned to China, and Bohai State was established in the north, which was later owned by the regimes established by the Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian nationalities. During the Yongle period, Nurgandus, a detention institution, was established in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, and the southern part of it was the autonomous settlement of the Jurchen nationality. At that time, there were three parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen. /kloc-In the 5th century, North Korea attacked Jurchen, annexed the area south of Tumen River, and established four counties and six towns.

/kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou began to rise and developed into a state power in the Jin Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty.

In the early years of Qing Dynasty, General Shengjing, General Jilin General and General Heilongjiang were established in Manchuria, and their jurisdiction was different from that of Central Plains in management, administrative system and land possession. After the Sino-Russian Jacques War, the Qing Dynasty began to send Eight Banners and Han immigrants to Manchuria on 1692. Ningguta, which belongs to General Jilin, is a famous exile in Qing Dynasty. Since Manzhouli was the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty, after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it took measures to ban this area and built a wicker border to prohibit Han immigrants from entering this area.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, Manzhouli was well-known to the world because Japan and Russia competed for this area. 1858 and 1860, Russia occupied the land of 1 10,000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River through the Love-faint Treaty and the Beijing Treaty. 186 1 year, Niuzhuang (Yingkou) was opened, and western forces began to enter Nanman. Swire and Jardine Matheson in Britain, Demao and St. Regis in Germany, and Chichang in the United States have successively opened in Yingkou. Countries have set up consulates in Yingkou, and the Qing Dynasty also set up Yingkou Customs. From 1865 to 189 1 year, Manzhouli exported a large number of native products such as soybeans, soybean oil, tussah silk and ginseng, and imported consumer goods such as opium and cotton textiles.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was listed as a "land of Longxing" sacred place, and Han people were forbidden to enter (but Liaoning in the south was originally a native of the Ming Dynasty and was under the jurisdiction of prefectures and counties. After the rise of Manchuria, it was captured, and the Han residents died and fled, and some of them joined the Eight Banners, resulting in a small proportion of Han people here. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Russia's southward forces rose, and the situation of Korean immigrants crossing Tumen River to reclaim Changbai Mountain became more and more severe, and the border crisis became more and more serious. The Qing dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "immigration to the real border". From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe Ranch were opened one after another. 1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang. 1885 Jilin telegraph bureau was established, 1883 Jilin machinery bureau, the first modern machinery industrial factory in Manzhouli, was put into operation.

1896, Russia seized the privilege of building a railway in Manchuria through the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty, 1898 won the Lushun-Dalian Concession. During this period, Japan also gradually strengthened its penetration into Manchuria. 1904, when the Russo-Japanese War broke out, Russia was defeated and forced to withdraw from South Manchuria. Since then, Japan, Russia and China have all accelerated the development of Manchuria.

1907, the Qing court abolished Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang generals, and changed them to Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and set up governors and governors in the three northeastern provinces. Japan established Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. in 1906, and conducted colonial management in Manchuria in the name of the company, encouraging Koreans under its control to immigrate to Manchuria illegally.

19 1 1 the demise of the Qing dynasty, 19 15 After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, the Japanese army chiefs planned the Manchu-Mongolian independence movement, but it failed due to changes in the situation. The Japanese army then fostered the local warlord Zhang to become the actual controller of the three northeastern provinces. Because Zhang did not completely obey the Japanese control, he was defeated by the Kuomintang Northern Expeditionary Army in 1928, and was killed by Japanese agents when he retreated from Beijing to Shenyang. 1929, his son Zhang Xueliang announced that the Northeast had changed its flag and joined the National Government.

The period from 1932 to 1945 was the puppet Manchukuo period. Its government was controlled by the Japanese. Before that, Emperor Puyi was abolished as a puppet.

1In August, 945, the Soviet Red Army sent troops and the puppet "Manchukuo" disintegrated. After the war, the three northeastern provinces returned to China.

The use of the word "Manchuria"

After the Revolution of 1911, especially after Zhang Xueliang announced the renaming of Northeast China, the Republic of China began to replace the original name of Manchu birthplace with Northeast China. Due to historical and political reasons, in China, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, which were called "Manchuria" in Qing Dynasty, are generally referred to as Northeast China or Northeast China.

At present, Liaoning Manchu accounts for about 15% in Northeast China, and the Han nationality in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces accounts for more than 90%. After the Revolution of 1911 in China, the China government began to use "Northeast" in official documents to refer to the area called "Manchuria" in the Qing Dynasty, and repeatedly strengthened the concept of unification. After the Japanese surrender, newspapers in China-controlled areas (Harbin and other places) also used the words "North Manchuria", "South Manchuria" and "East Manchuria" for a period of time, referring to the northeast, south northeast and east northeast respectively. Now it is still used by people in Liaoning, Kyrgyzstan and Heilongjiang provinces. In western languages, "Manchuria" is still a common geographical name. The publications of North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Russia still use the translation of the word "Manchuria".

As a geographical term, the word "Manchuria" is not only a cultural relic like "the former site of China Manchu Provincial Party Committee" (located in the North Market of Shenyang, Liaoning Province), but also a few place names in Northeast China still retain the usage of "Manchuria", such as "Manzhouli" (city name, located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on the Sino-Russian border).

Manchu culture and folk customs

The cultural tradition of Manchu is basically a combination of the Han culture in northern China and the primitive culture of Manchu (including Manchu, Daur and Mongolian). ) and the Korean, Japanese and Russian cultures brought by immigrants.

prescribe a diet

Manchu specialties include: sauerkraut, bean paste buns, hot pot, Saqima, and snowballing usury. Dalian is also famous for its fresh fruits and seafood.

Folk games

Garaha: A toy made of the kneecaps of pigs or sheep (and sometimes cows).

Gyro toy: A wooden toy similar to a gyro. Whip and spin on the ice with a whip.

Northeast specialty

Three treasures in Guandong, three treasures in Northeast China: ginseng, mink, wulasao.

Rice, sorghum, soybean, Kanto tobacco