What effect did Wu Zetian achieve during his reign?

1. Political and military aspects. Mainly manifested in:

1. Broaden the road of talents and attach importance to the selection and assessment of officials.

Exceptionally employ people. Wu Zetian said in the first year of hanging arch (685): "Nine civil and military items inside and outside the imperial edict have reached the people, so it is necessary to bootstrap." (2) In the second year (69 1), the system of "bootstrap for officials" was formulated. (3) In addition to encouraging "self-help", ten governors were sent to select talents in different ways, all of which were personally introduced and appointed, and a probation system for officials was established. Those who are "incompetent" are found or severely punished. Holding the handle of rewards and punishments to control the world, political rationality has come out and the judgment is good, so the heroes at that time also fought for it "(4). While opening the official career to everyone, deliberately causing redundant staff; On the one hand, incompetent people are demoted and killed at any time. This abusive way of employing people has transformed the personnel system of the imperial court for her (referring to Wu Zetian) and completely realized the political situation in which political reasons have emerged. "(5) Reform scientific research. Wu Zetian used the imperial examination to recruit talents. " There is a lot of literature and history, and the art of carving insects is good. Yonglong (680~68 1) began to select scholars with articles. "(6) In the first year of the year (690), I personally asked," Gong Tu is in Luoshan Temple, and the number of days is square "(7)," Gong Tu Gong has been tested since then "(8) (There is an example of the first year of God-given Gong Kao (9). In September of the first year, it was changed to "natural gift"). Wu Zetian once practiced his first sealing paste naming system in the official examination. "It is not true that the official departments choose more people. Just try it for a day, put your name on it, and take a secret exam. " ( 10)。 Wu Zetian also founded martial arts in Chang 'an in 702 (1 1). She attached great importance to the selection of talents in the imperial examination, especially the imperial examination, which opened the door for the emerging landlords in Buyi to participate in politics.

Ren Xian values talents. Wu Zetian attached great importance to Ren Xian, including Di Renjie, Zhang Jianzhi, Yao Chong, Song Jing, Zhang, Wei Chengqing, Li Qiao and Shangguan Waner. These generals include Zhang Renyuan, Liu, Tang, Guo and Wang Xiaojie. Ministers such as Lu, Di, Su Liangsi, Li Zhaode and Song Jing were framed because of Wu Zetian's insight. Lu Zhi, the prime minister of Tang Dezong, said: "Wuhou has a good popularity and a good job, so it is called the wisdom of knowing people in today's world and was used by many people in the past" (12). Li Jiang, the prime minister, said that "the famous officials of Wuhou were arrogant, and the famous officials of Kaiyuan had their own choices." ( 13)。

2. Coaching is open-minded and good at making suggestions.

Wu Zetian and coachable are also outstanding. Ancient emperors, like Emperor Taizong. Among the ancient emperors, Wu Zetian was comparable to Emperor Taizong in this respect. In the second year of providence (69 1), in the suggestion, Li Sizhen and Cheng invited Du to play the newspaper and broke the hand of the cruel official. Wu Zetian thought that Wu Ge was suppressing the opposition with brutal officials, so she didn't listen to Li Sizhen (14). However, when the cruel official's task was completed, Zhu Jingze, Zhou Ju and others invited them to punish the cruel official, and then God accepted his words. On the one hand, Du Jingjian and others who enforce the law fairly are used to change bad politics, and at the same time, brutal officials are gradually punished. On the other hand, it also improved the system of remonstrating officials, expanded the team of remonstrating officials, and sent letters to remonstrate many times. Wei, Di, etc. He spoke out and was adopted by Zetian. Even if Di Renjie is favored by God, he is not partial to him, but follows other people's advice. When the Emperor persuaded her to give up defending the four towns in Anxi, Wu Zetian followed the advice of other courtiers and didn't take the Emperor's words seriously (15). Wu Zetian can be humble enough to be able to coachable, and she can also follow the good, which is beyond the reach of ordinary people and is not comparable to ordinary emperors.

Second, the economy. The national economy has also developed, and the whole social order is basically stable. Show in:

1. Attach importance to agricultural production

Wu Zetian attached great importance to agriculture and persisted for two years (686), ordering people to write an agricultural book called Zhaoren Ben Ye Ji to lead the world. However, during Wu Zetian's reign, based on agriculture, he continued to implement the system of equal land since the Northern Wei Dynasty, encouraging farmers to emigrate from narrow townships with insufficient land grants to wide townships with vast land and sparsely populated areas to develop production. The tax department continues to adopt the system of rent and mediocrity. With the social stability and the increase of agricultural income, in the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), Wu Zetian awarded "all states in the world, below the vassal, should be allowed to pay taxes", and finalized the household tax collected in the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui as the official income of the government (18). National granaries such as Taiyuan granary, Luokou granary and Jiacang granary have sufficient food. States and counties adhere to the Hehe system and store abundant grain. In addition, the shortage of grain reserves in various places ensures the sustainable development of social economy. Due to the development of agricultural production, the number of families in this country has increased significantly. In the third year of Yonghui (652), the registered population in China was 3.85 million, and in the first year of Shenlong, the registered population reached more than 6 1.5 million and 37 1.4 million (1.9).

2. Handicraft industry is developed and business is prosperous.

During the reign of Wu Zetian, handicrafts (such as mining, casting, architecture, ceramics, textiles, etc. ) are very developed, supporting large-scale construction and palace expenses. Business is also very prosperous, which is manifested in the increase of "cities" and the development of urban trade. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Taiyuan, Yangzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu and other places have developed commercial trade.

Third, the cultural aspect. It has also achieved fruitful results, which are embodied in:

1. Book compilation

In historiography, Liu Zhiji, a famous historian, began to write the national history during the Wu and Zhou Dynasties. He participated in the compilation of A Record of Wu Zetian and also wrote the national history, and began to write Shi Tong. Other historical materials include: Records of the Emperor (referring to) 30 volumes (written by Xu), Records of the Emperor 100 volumes (written by Wuhou), Records of the Emperor Zetian (written by Wei et al.), Records of the Virgin Jade Emperor 18 volumes (written by Qin Ke) (20). In order to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Xu Yanbo and Li Qiao jointly wrote a book like Three Religions and Zhu Ying.

2. Poetry creation

Wu Zetian knows a lot about literature and history, and Shangguan Waner, who assisted her in imperial edicts and political affairs, is the granddaughter of Shangguan Yi, who initiated the poetic style "Shangguan Style". Under their advocacy, poetry creation is very prosperous, although the content failed to break through the limitations of court poetry, but it is also mellow and elegant. Famous poets include Shen Quanqi, Song, Cui Rong, Su Weidao and He. In terms of articles, the "Beimen Bachelor" who prepared for the emperor's advisers were all experts in articles, and many famous writers appeared, such as Du, Li Qiao and Luo. Wu Zetian herself has 65,438+000 volumes of hanging arches and 20 volumes of golden wheels (none today), and 46 of her poems are included in The Whole Tang Poetry (265,438+0), among which the representative poems are Ruyi Niang and You Wu Longtan.

3. Calligraphy, painting and sculpture

In terms of calligraphy, Wu Zetian himself was good at calligraphy, and Feibai was praised at that time. Famous calligraphers such as Sun, Ouyang Tong, Li Yong, Zhong Shaojing appeared. In painting, there are famous painters such as Xue Ji and Li Sizhen, and Buddhist murals at that time were also very successful. Sculpture, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang and Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang have many works of the Wu and Zhou Dynasties, many of which have the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Others, such as the stone carvings of Shuangque and Ganling of Gaozong in the Tang Dynasty, are also fine works of the Tang Dynasty. 4| Comments

Ask TA for help. Interviewee: Missing.