Reclamation in Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Bing Tun (managed by green camp), Min Tun (managed by Han immigrants), Hui Tun (managed by Uighurs), Qian Tun (managed by exiled criminals) and Qi Tun (managed by the Eight Banners).

Bing Tun is one of the important forms of reclamation in Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty, which mainly refers to the reclamation with green campers, which began in the reign of Kangxi. Since the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi, reclamation has been carried out in Barkun and Turpan from the west to the northwest of Liangzhou Town. After the great reunification of the northwest frontier, a large number of soldiers were stationed in Yili. Taking Yili as an example, we can see that in the twenty-five years of Qianlong, A Gui, a senior minister of the household department, ordered 100 people from green camp to settle in Yili. That year, another 900 green camp were hit, totaling 1000 * * *. After Qi arrived, he ordered the whole bank to cultivate seeds. By 34 years, the number of soldiers stationed in the field will gradually increase from the mainland to 2500, and will be replaced in five years, with 500 officers and 2000 soldiers stationed in the field. "The early Ili station troops did not settle with their families, which was temporary. Since the forty-three years of Qianlong, the Qing government's stationing troops policy in Xinjiang has obviously developed out of more far-reaching considerations. It was a year in which the prospective general Iletu performed "the prospective troops were transferred to their posts, and the escort was changed as soon as possible". There are 3,000 people, 500 policemen and 2,500 troops in 25 stations. "But the real number is not equal, generally not less than fifteen. Customized for each station 100 people, 20 mu of land per station. In order to maintain soil fertility and harvest, all fields are rotated. The farm tools and animal power used in the barracks are supplied by the government, and the proportion of planting types is stipulated. For example, when stationed in Urumqi, each person cultivates 2 1 mu of land, "there are wheat 14 mu, green trees 2 mu, millet 4 mu, flax 1 mu", and the number of seeds is: "wheat and green trees use one bucket of seeds per mu, and millet uses one liter of seeds per mu". The regulation on farm tools was "give two soldiers a pair of farm tools and two horses", which was later changed to "give three soldiers a pair of farm tools and two horses". Ma is reimbursed three points a year and Niu Yi is reimbursed five percent. " . As for the number and weight of farm tools used in stationing troops, there are also detailed regulations. At the beginning of stationing troops, most of the iron farm tools were shipped out of Shanhaiguan Pass. Later, with the development of mining in Xinjiang, most of them were made locally. The Qing court had regulations on rewards and punishments for Xinjiang soldiers. "The score of Xinjiang military camp is 15 to 18 stone flour and rice, and there is an official forum. The soldiers are rewarded with salt, vegetables and silver in January, which is 25 times that of stone, more than 12 stone, and they can't pass the exam. Soldiers are responsible for staying in Tuen Mun and returning it the next year. Urumqi, but if you get more than eleven stones of grain, you will be rewarded. Talenaqin is particularly barren, and he is rewarded and punished for killing it. " According to the regulations at that time, the stones received by the camps in Urumqi, Wusu, Jinghe, Barkun and other places were above 12 to 15, which was not to be discussed. If the stone is less than 12 to 15, if Yili is less than 15, the official punishment system will run for one year and the official punishment system will rule for six months. Those less than 10 to 13 stones will be called by lower-level officials, and the consul will be demoted to stay.