What are the main reasons why Shandong people "went east" in Ming and Qing Dynasties?

The main reasons of Shandong people "going east" in Ming and Qing dynasties;

1, economic factors

During the long-term war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the productivity in Guanzhong area was seriously damaged. At the same time, due to frequent disasters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, especially in severely affected Shandong, a large number of farmers have fallen into extreme poverty and their lives cannot be guaranteed. Northeast China is fertile and sparsely populated, rich in ginseng, velvet antler, mink, gold, pearls and other valuables, which is very attractive to farmers in Shanhaiguan pass. Therefore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was already a phenomenon that the population inside Shanhaiguan moved outside Shanhaiguan. During the Qianlong period, the population of Shanhaiguan continued to expand, and the contradiction between cultivated land and population continued to be sharp, prompting the hungry Han people in Shandong and other places to become the mainstream population. In essence, de-orientalization is a spontaneous, unstoppable and tragic survival movement of poor peasants on the verge of death. Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga 1899 recorded the real historical picture of that year in Travel Notes of Manchuria: "From Fengtian to Xingjing, I saw my husband on the road with a unicycle and a woman sitting on it. If a child cries, my husband pushes from behind, my brother pulls from the front, the old man leans on a stick, and the girl has something to rely on. On the way, my husband scolded his young woman and mother. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, Shandong immigrants slept during the journey. "

2. Government policy factors

(1) At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty sent Shandong "rebels" to a "smoky place" on the border, and "refugees" who violated the criminal law were sent to "extremely poor" Kanto. In the resource-rich Kanto, a large number of Shandong "immigrants" let the poor people in Shandong who are hungry and cold and lack land know about Kanto and have the idea of going to Kanto. In particular, the Manchu rulers' arbitrary enclosure, forcing people to invest and collect fees, supervising and arresting fugitives and other measures intensified the social and economic damage to Shandong and strengthened the tendency of poor people in Shandong to enter Kanto.

(2) From1644 to 1667, the Qing government's Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong stipulated that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate and the military will be given the garrison". During these 23 years, "many Shandong people immigrated to the northeast", and many areas have "great geographical advantages and many interests" because of immigration. From 186 1 to 19 1 1, Russia continuously encroached on the border of Heilongjiang Province, and the Qing government adopted the suggestion of General Tepkin of Heilongjiang Province and officially reclaimed it in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). The Qing government lifted the ban in Northeast China, which set off the climax of poverty in Shandong.

3. Geographical location factors

Guandong and Shandong are just across the sea. There are two ways for Shandong people to travel to Guandong: one is floating in the sea, with a straight line distance of only 100 km from Penglai in the northernmost part of Jiaodong Peninsula to Tieshan Island in the southernmost part of Liaodong Peninsula. There are frequent maritime exchanges between the two places. Most farmers in Jiaodong go to Kanto in the north of the sea. A land route, from Shandong to Guandong by land, needs to bypass the Bohai Sea and pass Shanhaiguan, and then take the "Liaoxi Corridor", which is mostly used by refugees from western Shandong, southern Shandong and northern Shandong. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with the opening of Ji Jiao Railway, Jin-Pu Railway and Jing-Feng Railway from Tianjin to Yixian, Shandong Province, it became possible to have a direct train from Shandong to Shenyang, which provided more convenience for Shandong people to travel to the East.