1949-2007 China Wetland Data! Specific!

In the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection issued from June, 5438 to February, 2000, the concept of national ecological environment security was put forward at the national level for the first time, and it was taken as the goal of the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection. It should be pointed out that the concept of national ecological security is directly related to the "ecological disaster" that occurred before 2000. These "ecological disasters" include 1996 Huaihe River pollution and Taihu Lake bloom, 1997 Yellow River cut off for 227 days, 1998 Yangtze River flood disaster and many large-scale sandstorms in 2000. These "ecological disasters" have seriously affected the normal production and life of millions of people, and have been highly valued by the top government, and even used state machines such as military police. These "ecological disasters" reflect more serious ecological degradation problems, and solving these problems is not achieved overnight, and it requires long-term unremitting efforts and huge investment. FNu China Wetland Network

Wetland protection plays an important role in the national ecological security system, which is mainly reflected in the fact that wetland ecosystem is one of the important ecosystem types in China. It is isomorphic with forest, grassland, farmland, desert, ocean and coastal ecosystems, forming a life support system for China's social and economic development, with corresponding structure and functions, and providing ecosystem products and services such as fresh water, food, air, genes, species and habitats through ecological processes. Moreover, returning farmland to lakes and wetland protection are important components of nature protection and ecological restoration projects in China, which have far-reaching influence on national ecological security, just like natural forest protection, returning farmland to forests (grass), returning grazing (forbidden) to grass, banning fishing and building nature reserves. FNu China Wetland Network

It can be seen that wetland protection is an important part of national ecological security, and the goal of wetland protection is to ensure that the natural wetland area does not decrease and the wetland function does not decline. FNu China Wetland Network

Wetland Protection Cases Affecting National Ecological Security

Wetland ecosystem plays an irreplaceable role in flood storage, disaster reduction and ensuring national flood control safety. In order to improve the flood control and disaster resistance of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, it is necessary to restore lake wetlands, increase wetland area and improve flood storage capacity. FNu China Wetland Network

1998 Yangtze River Flood and Returning Farmland to Lake FNu China Wetland Network

During the period of 1998, serious floods occurred in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the direct economic losses of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces alone reached 1000 billion yuan, showing the characteristics of "medium flow and high water level". Judging from the situation of this flood, the flow of the Yangtze River flood has not reached the historical record, but the water level is the highest. This flood tells us that we must return farmland to the lake. FNu China Wetland Network

Since 1949, 1/3 lakes have been reclaimed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a total area of 1.3 million square kilometers, which is equivalent to 1.3 times the total area of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake. More than 1000 lakes disappeared due to reclamation. Therefore, the decrease of wetland area and flood storage capacity in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are important reasons for aggravating the flood disaster in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. FNu China Wetland Network

1998 after the flood, the state promulgated the "32-character" policy of post-disaster reconstruction and flood control, that is, "closing mountains to facilitate afforestation and returning farmland to forests; Returning farmland to lakes and leveling embankments for flood discharge; Work for relief, immigrants to build towns; Strengthen the main dike and dredge the river, and start large-scale returning farmland to lakes and wetland restoration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. According to statistics, from 1998 to 2002, the state invested a total of 103 billion yuan to implement 1428 dike in four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Anhui, involving 620,700 households and 245 million people. The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake were retreated to the lake area. FNu China Wetland Network

The ecological degradation of wetlands in the western region will directly cause problems such as oasis disappearance, grassland degradation and desertification. Ecological restoration in the western region must attach importance to the protection and restoration of wetlands in arid and semi-arid areas. FNu China Wetland Network

Degradation of Juyanhai Wetland and Its Ecological Consequences

Juyanhai Wetland is located in Ejina Oasis in the lower reaches of Heihe River. The West Juyan Sea dried up in 196 1 year, and the East Juyan Sea dried up in 1992. The degradation and disappearance of this wetland has caused a series of ecological consequences, mainly reflected in the reduction of vegetation, grassland degradation and desertification, which has become the sand source of sandstorms. According to statistics, the areas of Populus euphratica forest, Elaeagnus angustifolia forest and willow forest in Ejina Oasis decreased by 54%, 54.6% and 33% respectively. In the past 20 years, 34% of the grassland has been seriously degraded, and 130 species of edible grass has been reduced to more than 20 species, and the grass yield has decreased by 43% and the livestock carrying capacity has decreased by 46%. 1993, 1994, 1995, and in 2000, extremely serious sandstorms occurred, affecting the vast northern areas such as Beijing and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River such as Nanjing. It can be seen that the east-west Juyanhai wetland is a natural barrier to prevent sandstorms and protect the ecology. The disappearance and degradation of wetlands lead to the disappearance of ecological barrier function. There are many similar examples, such as the wetlands in Norguet and the lower reaches of Tarim River, which have been degraded to varying degrees, resulting in grassland degradation and desertification. FNu China Wetland Network

There are some contradictions and conflicts between wetland protection and flood control, snail control and fishery in China. How to effectively coordinate the relationship between stakeholders and standardize the behavior of some departments, organizations and interest groups is a severe challenge for wetland protection and management in China. FNu China Wetland Network

Poyang Lake Wetland and Control Project Poyang Lake FNu China Wetland Network

It is the largest freshwater lake in China, one of the important wetlands in the world, the largest wintering place for migratory birds in Asia, and the largest wintering place for white cranes and oriental storks in the world. "How many birds in Poyang Lake know? You can't see the clouds and the moon when you fly, and you can't see the grass by the lake when you fall." This is an image description of the habitat of waterbirds in Poyang Lake wetland. 1In July 1992, China joined the International Convention on Wetlands, and Poyang Lake Nature Reserve became one of the seven internationally important wetlands in China at that time. There are 44 species of national first-class protected birds 10 and second-class protected birds in Poyang Lake wetland. Hundreds of thousands of waterfowl spend the winter here every year, of which 95% are white cranes and 80% are oriental storks. FNu China Wetland Network

Poyang Lake wetland has become an important waterfowl habitat in China and even in the world, because it has the natural hydrological characteristics of "flooding in a large area, one line is dry". However, the "Poyang Lake Control Project" proposed from the perspectives of flood control, snail control, schistosomiasis control and fishery culture aims to change this natural hydrological feature and stabilize the water level of Poyang Lake, which will have a disastrous impact on Poyang Lake wetland, make the tidal flat at an altitude of 12m ~ 16m disappear, make the habitats of rare migratory birds such as white cranes lose, and seriously affect the living conditions of rare birds. FNu China Wetland Network

Wetland protection should not be limited to the protection of a single species and habitat, but should realize the protection of wetland ecosystem, landscape and ecological process. Only in this way can we provide tangible support for national ecological security. FNu China Wetland Network

"Life Network" in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River FNu China Yangtze River Wetland Network

The downstream area is densely covered with rivers and lakes, which is one of the areas with the most concentrated distribution of lakes and wetlands in China and one of the areas with the most concentrated biodiversity in the world. It is listed as one of the 200 important ecological zones in the world by the World Wide Fund for Nature. However, the wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are also facing serious threats, mainly in the following aspects: First, lake wetlands have disappeared in a large area due to reclamation and flood storage. According to statistics, there are 1066 primitive lakes in Hubei Province, which is known as "the province of thousands of lakes", and there are only 83 at present. Dongting Lake used to be a complete lake, but now it has been divided into three parts: West Dongting Lake, East Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake. China's original largest freshwater lake can only rank second. FNu China Wetland Network

Second, levees and dams make lakes and wetlands lose contact with the Yangtze River. Most of the medium-sized lakes on both sides of the Yangtze River (more than 10 square kilometers) used to be Tongjiang lakes, with the number exceeding 100. At present, only a few lakes such as Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Shijiu Lake are connected with the Yangtze River. This barrier between rivers and lakes has greatly changed the original hydrological process, biological process and geochemical process between rivers and lakes, which directly led to the reduction of the number and germplasm of migratory fish and aquatic organisms in rivers and lakes. FNu China Wetland Network

The third is the over-utilization of lake wetland resources. At present, it is common for people to overuse or even plunder wetlands in this area. "Electric fishing", "cutting the autumn lake" and "ecstasy" have caused devastating damage to natural fishery resources, and overfishing has seriously threatened the biological chain foundation of waterfowl and aquatic organisms. FNu China Wetland Network

These threats directly destroy the uniqueness and integrity of the river-lake complex ecosystem in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, destroy the natural hydrological process of the water system, threaten the basis of the biological chain on which core species and their habitats depend, and then pose a threat to the "life network". FNu China Wetland Network

National Wetland Protection Strategy of China Wetland Network

Wetland protection in China needs two transformations. One is to change the understanding of wetlands, from treating wetlands as "wasteland" and "unused land" to treating wetlands as an ecosystem as important as natural forests and basic farmland; The second is to change the wetland protection strategy, from only paying attention to the protection of migratory birds to the overall protection of wetland ecosystem, thus protecting the "life network" and ecological process of freshwater ecosystem. FNu China Wetland Network

From the perspective of national ecological security, the key points of national wetland protection strategy are: strengthening wetland protection legislation and system construction, improving economic means and financing mechanism, improving public participation mechanism, and strengthening the construction of scientific and technological support system. By increasing the wetland protection area, improving the management capacity of the existing wetland protection areas and establishing the wetland protection area network, the wetland protection goal of "the wetland area will not be reduced and the function will not be degraded" will be realized, which will contribute to the national ecological security. FNu China Wetland Network

1. Improve the legislation and system of wetland protection and build FNu China Wetland Network.

At the national level, we should formulate the national regulations on wetland protection and management as soon as possible, take wetland type protection areas as one of the key points of legislation such as nature reserve law, clarify the institutional authorization and scope of wetland protection and management, implement a "zero loss" system (or a balance of occupation and compensation) for natural wetlands, and adopt similar protection policies for cultivated land and natural forests. At the local level, local wetland protection laws and regulations should be formulated as soon as possible, and some important wetlands can also be protected through special local laws and regulations. FNu China Wetland Network

2. Improve the construction of wetland protection system, and establish and improve the national, local and protected area three-level wetland protection system. At the national level, an inter-departmental wetland protection coordination agency should be established to coordinate wetland protection plans and actions between different departments. Participate in international wetland management, cooperate with neighboring countries in the field of wetland protection, and play a leading role in Asia. At the local level, we should improve the construction of wetland protection institutions and protected areas in the provinces where wetlands are mainly distributed as soon as possible, and solve some problems such as lack of establishment, full-time staff and insufficient funds in some wetland types protected areas. FNu China Wetland Network

3. Improve the economic means and financing mechanism of wetland protection.

Incorporate wetland protection into the national and local recurrent financial budgets, provide long-term and stable financial support, and implement the economic compensation policy for wetland occupation. Implement an ecological compensation policy similar to forest protection for wetland type protected areas to raise funds for effective protection of protected areas. Expand foreign exchanges and cooperation and strive for more international cooperation projects. In the near future, we should seize the rare opportunity of international aid projects, take nature reserves as the key funding areas, design projects that conform to international practices, and implement existing international projects well, regardless of temporary benefits. FNu China Wetland Network

4. Improve the public participation mechanism of wetland protection.

Stakeholders' participation in wetland protection is an important means of wetland protection. Through the participation of stakeholders, the interests of different departments and interest groups can be properly coordinated, and a public decision-making consultation mechanism between departments can be established. Through community management and other measures, the communities around the reserve will benefit from the protection and raise the local public's awareness of wetland protection. FNu China Wetland Network

5. Enhance the scientific and technological support capacity of FNu China Wetland Network for wetland protection.

Construction and continuous improvement of wetland ecosystem monitoring system, formulation and improvement of wetland biodiversity monitoring norms and standards, and establishment of wetland ecosystem monitoring network. Formulate national, local and protected wetland protection plans at three levels, and define the planning strategy, objectives, priority areas and priority actions. Under the framework of integrated river basin management and regional sustainable development, wetland protection is regarded as the focus of wetland protection science and technology support capacity building from the perspective of river basin and region, and a major breakthrough is made. Develop wetland protection science and improve the theory and method of wetland ecosystem management. Strengthen education and training, and organize some seminars and training courses in wetland protection project planning, wetland reserve construction, wetland management coordination mechanism, publicity and education in the near future to improve the overall management capacity of wetlands. Wetland is a transitional zone between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. Many wetland plants grow in a specific environment where the soil is soaked in water. Wetlands are widely distributed all over the world, and there are many wildlife resources, which are important ecosystems. The breeding and migration of many rare waterfowl are inseparable from wetlands, so wetlands are called "birds' paradise". Wetland has a strong ecological purification function, so it has the reputation of "kidney of the earth". Under the dual pressure of population explosion and economic development, a large number of wetlands were transformed into farmland in the middle and late 20th century. Coupled with excessive resource development and pollution, the wetland area has been greatly reduced and wetland species have been seriously damaged.

Wetland is a multifunctional and biodiversity-rich ecosystem on the earth and one of the most important living environments for human beings.

There are many types of wetlands, which are usually divided into natural and artificial categories. Natural wetlands include swamps, peatlands, lakes, rivers, beaches and salt marshes, while constructed wetlands mainly include paddy fields, reservoirs and ponds. According to statistics, there are 8.558 million square kilometers of natural wetlands in the world, accounting for 6.4% of the land area.

Diversity of the richest organisms in wetlands

There are more than 2760 species of wetland plants recorded in China alone, including more than 380 species of wetland higher plants 156 families and 437 genera/kloc-0. According to the growing environment, wetland plants can be divided into three categories: aquatic, swamp and hygrophytic. From the perspective of plant life forms, there are emergent, floating, submerged and floating types. In terms of plant species, there are some fine grasses, some coarse herbs, some short shrubs and some tall trees. The species of wetland animals are also extremely rich. There are about 1500 species of wetland animals recorded in China (excluding insects, invertebrates, fungi and microorganisms), including about 250 species of water and about 1040 species of fish. There are about 500 species of freshwater fish, accounting for more than 80% of the total freshwater fish in the world. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of economics or ecology, wetlands are the most valuable and productive ecosystems.