Can you give me some information and photos of Malaysia’s struggle for independence? I want to make a folio. .

Since ancient times, merchant ships traveling to and from China, India and other more distant countries have sailed through the Strait of Malacca, making the Malay Peninsula the rise of a major trade center in Southeast Asia. On Ptolemy's map, the Malay Peninsula was called the "Golden Peninsula" and the Strait of Malacca was Sinus Sabaricus. The oldest Malay kingdom in history developed from coastal port cities in the 10th century AD, including Langkasuka and Lembah Bujang in Kedah, Beruas and Gangga in Perak. Negara, and Panpan in Kelantan. Islam spread to Terengganu in the 14th century. At the beginning of the 15th century, Paramesollah founded the Malacca Dynasty (Manchuria). However, the prosperity of the Malacca Dynasty ushered in the Portuguese invasion in 1511. Later, the Netherlands and Britain successively used Malacca as their colonial center and controlled the Strait of Malacca.

Francis Wright pioneered and developed Penang as a military and commercial center in 1786. But Penang was soon replaced by Singapore, founded by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819. In 1824, Britain acquired Malacca from the Netherlands after the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. In 1826, Britain established the Straits Settlements under the jurisdiction of the British East India Company based in Calcutta, and gradually expanded its influence in the Malay Peninsula. The initial Straits Settlements included Penang, Singapore and Malacca. In 1867, the Colonial Office in London took over the Straits Settlements.

At the same time, many Malay state rulers turned to the British colonists for help in order to resolve disputes within their states. Within ten years of the Colonial Office taking over the Straits Settlements, some Malay states on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula were also controlled by British colonists. Businessmen in the Straits Settlements hoped that the British government would intervene in the internal affairs of the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. The disputes between overseas Chinese parties and the civil war prompted the British government to adopt gunboat diplomacy that was beneficial to businessmen. The Treaty of Pangkor in 1874 ultimately led to the expansion of British colonial power. Before the 20th century, the Malay Federation (non-Federation of Malaya) consisting of Pahang, Selangor, Perak and Negeri Sembilan was governed by British governors. These governors answered to the High Commissioner in Singapore and the Governor of the Straits Settlements. The High Commissioner reported directly to the Colonial Hall in London.

Other states in the Malay Peninsula are called Malay States. Although they did not directly belong to the British colonists, there were British political advisors stationed in the states. Four northern states: Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were once ruled by Thailand. British North Borneo (now Sabah) was once ruled by the Sulu Dynasty, and the British Bullock family governed Sarawak, which had large forests. The Japanese rule during World War II and the Communist rebellion in Malaya after the war prompted more and more people to support Malayan independence. The British government's postwar plans to form a federation of Malaya provoked strong protests. The Malay community demanded a system that was more beneficial to them and vigorously opposed Singapore's accession. At the same time, they do not allow a dual nationality system, because this will allow many immigrant groups to hold the nationality of Malaya and the motherland. The Malay Peninsula finally became the independent Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. This new country does not include Singapore.

A federal state called Malaysia was established on September 16, 1963. It included the Federation of Malaya, British Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak (the latter two are on Borneo). Although the Sultan of Brunei expressed his intention to join, he gave up in the end due to disputes over oil interests. The crises faced by Malaysia in the early years of independence included Indonesia's intention to occupy Malaysia, Singapore's withdrawal in 1965 and the racial conflict on May 13, 1969 (known in history as the May 13 Incident). The Philippines also claimed sovereignty over Sabah during this period because the Sultan of Brunei ceded its northeastern territory to the Sultan of Sulu in 1704. This issue has not yet been fully resolved.

After 1969, the Malaysian New Economic Policy promoted by the second Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, which was intended to enhance indigenous control in the economic field, was opposed by other ethnic groups. Since then, Malaysia has maintained a racial-political balance and developed its own unique economic and political system that favors the Malays (called bumiputra "indigenous") and moderate Islam.

Since 1997, as Malaysia endured the Asian economic crisis, the Malaysian government faced a series of protests, some from nationalists and others who advocated stricter Islamic rules.

When the Pacific War broke out in December 1941, the British in Malaya were completely caught off guard. In the 1930s, Britain established a huge naval base in Singapore in order to deal with the growing Japanese naval threat, but it did not expect that Japan would invade Malaya from the north. Due to the needs of the European battlefield, Britain actually has no air force in the Far East. Japan could therefore launch attacks from bases in French Indochina without resistance. Despite stiff resistance from British, Australian and Indian troops, the Japanese occupied Malaya within two months. On February 15, 1942, Singapore, which had no land defenses, no air force support, and no fresh water supply, surrendered. This is irreparable damage to Britain's reputation. British North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei were also occupied by Japan.

The Japanese adopted racial policies similar to those of the British. They viewed the Malays as a colonial people liberated from British colonial rule and established a limited Malay nationalism, which allowed the Japanese to win a certain degree of support among the Malay governing bodies and intellectuals. Most Sudans also took the initiative to cooperate with the Japanese, although later after Japan's defeat, they immediately claimed that they were forced to cooperate. However, the Japanese regarded the Chinese as enemy aliens and persecuted the Chinese. It is estimated that up to 80,000 Chinese in Malaya and Singapore died during the so-called "purge" process. Chinese businesses were confiscated and Chinese schools were closed or burned. It is not difficult to understand that the Chinese became the backbone of the Malayan Anti-Japanese War led by the Communist Party of Malaya. With British help, this guerrilla force was the most effective resistance force in all occupied Asian countries. Japan offended Malayan nationalists by ceding the four Malayan sultanates of Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Terengganu to Japan's ally Thailand in 1909. As Malaya lost its export market, unemployment soon increased. This situation affected all ethnic groups, making the Japanese increasingly unpopular.

So in general, when the British returned to Malaya in 1945, the happiest people were the Malays. But the situation was not where it had been before the British war, and a desire for independence was growing. The British mainland was bankrupt, and the new British Labor government advocated withdrawing from the East as soon as possible. Colonial autonomy and eventual independence became Britain's new policy. The wave of colonial nationalism sweeping across Asia soon reached Malaya. But most Malays at the time were more concerned with resisting the Communist Party of Malaya, which was mainly composed of Chinese, than with independence from Britain. In fact, they hoped that Britain would not withdraw from Malaya, but instead assist them in fighting the Malayan Communist Party, the largest armed force in Malaya at the time. In the last year of World War II, the Malayan Communist Party clashed with Malay-led troops, and many Malays were killed by well-equipped Chinese Communists. The British who returned to Malaya after the war found the place on the verge of civil war.

In 1946, the British announced a plan to organize the Federation of Malaya, which would combine the Sultanate of the Malay Federation and the Malay states, plus Penang and Malacca (but not Singapore). Formed a British overseas territory and became independent a few years later. This plan was strongly opposed by the Malays because it weakened the position of the Malay rulers and granted citizenship rights to the Chinese and ethnic minorities in Malaya. . The sultans initially supported the plan, but later turned against it and made themselves leaders of the opposition. Under the leadership of Johor Chief Minister Ong Jafar, the Malay organization formed UMNO. UMNO supported Malayan independence on the condition that the new country be run entirely by Malays. Faced with strong Malay opposition, Britain abandoned plans for equal citizenship. As a result, the Federation of Malaya was established in 1946 and dissolved in 1948. It was replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay Sultanate under British protection.