Will the visa refusal be recorded on the passport?

Depending on the specific country, it does not mean that a passport will not be refused without a record.

The visa refusal record will not be automatically cleared within a few years, and it will be permanent. You can apply for an unlimited number of times, and your refusal record will appear on the screen of the immigration officer indefinitely, and it is a key reminder.

Information exchange between national entry-exit administrative units, if the United States refuses to sign, Canadian or British immigration authorities will also have corresponding records and can also find them. Of course, the Schengen visa information is networked.