Throw a brick to attract jade to the academic circle of historical archaeology in China —— On "Mausoleum Site" or "Forest Old Country"

The Shimao site, about 4,300-4,000 years ago, is the largest site discovered in Zhixia and China in the late Longshan period. It is located on the north side of Tuwei, Shigao Village, Gaojiabao Town, Shenmu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, and on the northern edge of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. At the end of this paper, there are some brief introductions, and readers can learn the details by themselves. Bird's-eye view of the site Since no people were found in the site, we can only speculate on its name and history. So some experts, such as Professor Shen Changyun, associate this place with the Yellow Emperor. However, the opposing voices, such as Professor Chen Minzhen, are obviously more reasonable. The Chronicle of Bamboo Books quotes Road History as saying "Thirty years from Huangdi to Yu". It can be seen that the Yellow Emperor was 900 years or even thousands of years earlier than Dayu. In other words, the Yellow Emperor was around 2900 BC at the latest, nearly 5000 years ago. Word farmers believe that the Yellow Emperor is the pioneer of Longshan culture. See the last article in this issue for details. Shimao site is 700 years later than the Yellow Emperor to 1000 years, which is not the same time at all. So, are there any clues about the Shimao site in the literature? The author found that several records in the literature have a great relationship with Shimao site. The initial clue came from Tan Qixiang's Atlas of Chinese History. The maps of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were all marked in Yulin area: Hu Lin (a forest man). After the Warring States Period, Hu Lin was defeated by Li Mu, the general of Zhao, and Li Mu's land was Yuzhong of Zhao. Later, it was incorporated into Qin and belonged to. The maps of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties did not indicate the name of this place. Does it mean that foresters only appear in the Spring and Autumn Period? The answer is no, in fact, foresters have long existed. The shape of the aquiline nose fully shows the worship of the eagle in this tribe. The characteristics of people hunting in the jungle are as follows: some clues in ancient literature-mentioned in Yizhoushu-1. Historical records show that those who call their relatives far away are in danger. Once before, Lin called Rong Guojun (that is, Li) away. Facing him, he did not salute, but stayed to kiss him. Li Rong fled, Lin punished him, and the world rebelled against Lin. According to reports, some people think that Lin is the forest of Zuo Zhuan's Fourteen Years of Xianggong, located in Jingyang County, which is at war, and it is really close to Li Rong of Lishan. However, they didn't notice that the word in the previous article was here, which means that Mount Li is far from the forest and not close. Therefore, the forest near Li Rong should be excluded. And it can make the world rebel, which means it is a big country. Archaeological findings and research on Shimao site show that the city (country) obviously belonged to a powerful country at that time. The era should be in Zhou Xian, that is, Shang Dynasty, Xia Dynasty or even earlier. Second, "Historical Records": The suspect died fighting for power and profit. At that time, Lin and Shang Heng fought for power, Lin won again, and Shang Heng's meaning of false happiness was dead, and the country was dead. According to the news, Shanghengjia should refer to the Hengshan area in Yulin today, because the mountain near it is called Hengshan, and later the county name of Hengshan District was originally derived from this mountain. Besides, this place belonged to Wei and Qin during the Warring States period, and it belonged to the upper county of Wei. Shang Jun's name is suspected to be related to Shangheng. Hengshan Mountain and Shimao Site belong to Yulin City today. The era should be in Zhou Xian, that is, Shang Dynasty, Xia Dynasty or even earlier. As for why it is called Shang Heng, it may be to distinguish it from places named after Heng Mountain in Nanyue. It is reasonable to call Hengshan the northern scale. Horizontal is the later word Heng, and the upper horizontal is later called Hengshan. Lightness and weight of the pipe: the public asked the pipe, "I want to balance the skills of the mountain, but what can I do?" The pipe said to him, "It is very expensive to buy Hengshan's machine and sell it again. Yan and Dai bought it from the crowd, while Qin and Dai competed with the crowd. ..... Yan, Dai, Qin and Zhao led troops back to the village. When Hengshan came out of the machinery, Lu (author's note: Lu should be Qin, according to the above, it has nothing to do with Lu) cut Hengshan South, and Qi (Zhao) cut Hengshan North. The mainland has no weapons to deal with the two enemies, that is, to serve the country and return to Qi. It is said that Qi in Shandong traded with Hengshan in northern Shaanxi, passing through Yan, Dai and Zhao in Shanxi (at that time, it was the State of Jin, and Zhao was its powerful minister, especially the fief was near the north and the land was near the headland). Qin is in Guanzhong and has trade interaction with Hengshan. It can be seen that this country existed in Qi Huangong's time. The third stone statue, Wang Huijie: slim and respectful. People who respect their ears are like tigers and leopards. Their tails are three feet long and they eat tigers and leopards. Press Slim or Central Forest or Yinglin. According to the aquiline noses of large-scale Ying Tao and jade carvings found in Shimao Archaeological Site, Yang Lin and Yinglin are "Yinglin", referring to forest people who take eagles as totems. This tribe is not a farming people, nor a grassland people or a nomadic people as some experts say, but a typical jungle hunting people. The headless Tao Ying, which was first discovered, has no practical value and is huge, indicating that the totem of worship was first discovered by Ying Tao, and the head was missing, and later it was found that the head suffix was completed. Later, the head was found and the splicing was successful. Giant eagle, totem, eagle, the family of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, and a vassal state called Yingguo, also named after the eagle. In fact, this Yingguo existed in the Shang Dynasty, and probably died at the same time as the Shang Dynasty. Its land was enfeoffed by the Zhou Dynasty to the descendants of the Zhou family. Zuner is an extinct rare animal, which is mentioned in the chapter "Yu Yu" in The Book of Songs. The tail of a white tiger is as long as its body, or even longer. It doesn't eat live animals, but only the corpses of dead animals. This famous animal, a forest specialty, was famous in the world at that time. "Huai Nan Zi Dao Ying Xun": Sansheng took his daughter to look for the treasure of the world, and he had a secret ... for him. According to, it can be seen that this country still existed at the end of Shang Dynasty, but it moved from Shi Mao Liang, and it is still near Yulin. At that time, the forest here was dense and suitable for human survival. It can be seen that the "forest man" is a jungle hunting nation. It was not until the Huns were driven to the north of Meng Tian to build the Great Wall that they began to destroy forests and environment on a large scale. See Liu Mingguang's Atlas of Physical Geography of China 188 for details. A Historical Records was written in 952 BC in the twenty-fourth year of King Mu. It is believable that all the 28 dead souls mentioned in Tang Dapei's article are from Tang and Shang Dynasties. The Biography of Shangshu has a similar content: Yuling, who was born in Yi San, took away the monster. As mentioned above, Yuling's surname is the transliteration of Yang Lin, Lin Ying and Lin Ying. Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Bei Jing: There are five rare beasts in the forest state, as big as a tiger, and the tail is longer than the body, so it is called. Reporter, I'm worried. The location here is also roughly in line with the rocky headland. However, the age is not stated. According to Meng Shikai's Oracle Dictionary, page 333, Lin: a place name or a forest. During the Wuding period, there were two things in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: calling women, calling women to the forest, and talking about two things. ("He" 974 1 plus) Accordingly, this "forest" land is probably the above-mentioned Lin family. In fact, it is meaningless to interpret this "forest" as "a forest somewhere" because there are many forests in all directions. And "taking a woman" is a formal marriage, not an arrest. Therefore, it can only be interpreted as a proper name, that is, a specific place is called "Lin", that is, Lin. It can be seen that during the Wuding period of Yin Shang Dynasty, the Lin family existed. From the above information, we can get a general outline: around 2300 BC, Lin built a city and founded the country in Shigao area. In the early Xia Dynasty, Lin Guo caused a worldwide crusade for killing Li Rongwang. Shanghengjia and Lins fought fiercely in Hengshan District near Yulin, and both were defeated. Lin (City) broke the king and died. His people still live in this area (perhaps building another city, waiting for archaeological discovery), and there are many records in the above literature. Later, Zhao rose under the riding and shooting, and was finally included in the territory of the Qin Empire. Summarizing the present scene of Yulin, we can draw a conclusion that Shimao site is the Lin family, Lin family country, Yang family and Yinglin family mentioned in the above literature. Later, it was called Ren Lin or Hu Lin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The site of Shangheng, which perished in the same period, should also be found in Hengshan, Yulin, nearby. It is estimated that the scale is also close to the plaster statue site, and its people seem to be more skilled, and the utensils should be more exquisite than the plaster statue. 2065438+February 2009 65438+February 2009 Geng Nong word was revised in Panyu, Guangzhou 2065438+September 2009 65438+August 2009.