Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty executed his nephew Zhao Pingjun and defeated the Xiongnu.

Perhaps due to internal and external pressure, Jingdi was forced to abolish his weak honor and let him succeed. This is Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, brave and talented. As soon as he succeeded to the throne, he carried out the "promotion order" of "all vassal States were built, but the country was small", that is, the land of each vassal state was evenly distributed to all sons of each vassal state, thus preventing the future trouble of the rebellion of the vassal state with the same surname. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did four great things in his life: ruling by law, military strikes, and sending Zhang Qian to the western regions to establish the Silk Road. As soon as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he wrote, "Raise a loyal minister" and "seek advice face to face and govern the ancient and modern ways". He also wrote a letter to Zhu Pi's memorial: "It is disrespectful not to show filial piety and not to follow the imperial edict; If you are dishonest and incompetent, you will be exempted. " As mentioned earlier, the emperors of China were mainly defensive and rarely expanded. Even Qin Shihuang, who unified the six countries, only conquered Baiyue and established Guilin County, and the rest were defensive. Building the Great Wall of Wan Li is a national defense. Only Emperor Wu devoted his life to conquest and expansion. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first attacked the Xiongnu in the northwest with an iron fist. As for how the Huns became the "hammer" to defeat Rome, we will break it down in the next issue.

From the records in Zi Jian 'an Year, it is not difficult to see that the Xiongnu tribe is still in the stage of partnership marriage, and even the matriarchal line has been passed down from generation to generation. After they settled in the northwest grassland, they needed a stage of self-evolution, which is also the reason why they accepted the Han Dynasty and the pro-family policy. However, while enjoying the benefits of the people-friendly policy, they never stopped plundering the Han Dynasty. Although there was no large-scale invasion, they often rode into the DPRK, killing officials, robbing money, robbing people, and even robbing thousands of people at a time. From Liu Bang's accession to the throne in 202 BC to Emperor Wudi's accession to the throne in 140 BC, for more than 60 years, they have become accustomed to the policy of the Han Dynasty, so they formed the habit of grabbing and leaving. Unexpectedly, the sudden counterattack, the Han army will go deep into their territory to fight. Since then, the struggle between the two sides has become more and more fierce and cruel.

The following two examples are enough to illustrate the persistence and cruelty of fighting against Xiongnu. One is Li Guang. "But let Longcheng fly, and don't teach Huma to climb the Yinshan Mountain." Refers to the flying general Li Guang. He fought against the Huns for more than 70 years in his life and was a famous anti-Huns warrior. He lived a clean life, and when he got the reward, he gave it to his subordinates. He usually eats with his infantry. His annual salary is 2000 stone, but his family has no surplus for more than 40 years. Arms like apes, strength like cattle, excellent shooting. Every shot must hit, and an arrow pierces the stone. He led his troops and saw water in a place where water and food were scarce. He didn't come near until the soldiers finished drinking water. Seeing food, the foot soldiers don't eat, he doesn't taste, and the foot soldiers are willing to die for him. But in a battle with Xiongnu, his troops got lost and missed the military period. According to the law, they must go to court. He became famous all his life, but he didn't want to go back to China to be an official with swords and shadows. At the same time, he committed suicide in order to take responsibility alone. After his death, all three armed forces cried; Hearing this, all ages cried and lost their voices.

The other is Li Guang's grandson Li Ling. Li Ling once joined forces with 65,438+10,000 Xiongnu Army with 5,000 people and was surrounded by Xiongnu Army. He persisted for 10 days, fought thousands of miles and killed the enemy several times. The intensity of the war is described in detail in Historical Records and Historical Records. The following excerpt is from Li Ling's reply to Su Wu's book "The View of Ancient Chinese":

Once upon a time, the first emperor gave Ling 5,000 soldiers to fight in the territory. Five generals lost their way, and Ling fought alone. Wrapped in Wanli's grain, handsome hikers walked out of the Han Dynasty and entered the territory of Hu Qiang. A crowd of 5,000 people, an army of 65,438+10,000 people, and tired soldiers will become new war horses. But I still cut the flag, chase the north, dust, and cut the owl handsome. Let the soldiers of the three armed forces die. Ling also has no talent and wants to do a big job, which means that at this time, the work is embarrassing. The Huns were defeated and the whole country raised troops. They trained more soldiers, more than 65438+ ten thousand. Go through the customs alone. The shape of the guests is different, but the posture of "ma bu" or horse stance just look is also different. The soldiers fought until they were exhausted, but they helped get the upper hand and won the first place. They were killed and wounded, and the rest were less than 100, but they all helped to treat diseases and did not fight. However, when the arm rang, all diseases began, the sword pointed to Lu, and Hu Ma fled; War-torn, people have no iron hoof, and they are eager to get the first place. At this time, heaven and earth are angry for Ling, and soldiers drink blood for Ling. Dan Jixiang said that the grave could not be found, so he wanted to bring it back. And the thief taught, so the war broke out again. Therefore, Ling pricked up her ears inevitably.

Su Wu was detained by Xiongnu because he defected to Xiongnu, and was forced to surrender. Su Wu would rather die than surrender, and the Huns exiled him to the most remote Beihai to shepherd sheep. Su Wu is alone, and his only companion is Han Jiedu. Without food, he dug wild rats and picked rapeseed, but kept sheep for 0/9 years. Later, the Han Dynasty learned that Su Wu was still alive. After negotiations, Sue had to return to the Han Dynasty. In Xiongnu, Su Wu got to know Li Ling, knowing that Li Ling fell because he wanted to find an opportunity to fight back against Xiongnu and serve the motherland after his arrest. But Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family because of his surrender. Especially when the old mother was killed, Li Ling felt even worse. Su Wu was well aware of the mood and situation in Xiongnu after the fall of Li Ling: "From early autumn to today, I have no money, sitting alone in the clouds. I didn't see anything all day, but I saw different people without friends. Who is satisfied with them? In Xuan Bing, Alakazam, the border soil is terrible, but when I hear the depression in Taiwan Province, it's cool in September and the grass is decaying beyond the Great Wall, so I can't sleep at night. From a distance, Hu Jia has mixed feelings, horses wail, people howl and people are buzzing. I don't feel tears when I sit and listen in the morning. " The upright Su Wu knows that Li Ling is actually an upright man. After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Ling was persuaded to return to the Han Dynasty. Later, Li Ling, who suffered from genocide, never turned against the Han people after falling to the Huns, but could not return to the Han people. When the court sent someone to persuade Li Ling to return to Han, Li Ling said, "If you go back to Il, your husband can't insult you any more." He died in Xiongnu.

Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty failed to destroy the Xiongnu during his lifetime, he attacked the Xiongnu nine times, wiped out about160,000 people and surrendered more than 50,000 people. Especially the last blow, has basically driven the Huns out of the vast land in northwest China today. Since then, the Huns have never dared to invade China on a large scale, and the border troubles of the Huns have been greatly alleviated in the past century. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up four counties, Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang, and also marched into Loulan and Gushi. At the same time, he immigrated hundreds of thousands of prisoners to the northwest thousands of miles away. It is precisely because of the weakening of Xiongnu forces that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to succeed and the famous Silk Road was built. While attacking Xiongnu in the north, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also expanded to the southwest, southeast and northeast of China. He sent people to classify Yelang in Guizhou as Qianwei County, Du Qiong County in Sima Xiangru and Yizhou County in Yunnan. Since then, most parts of southwest China.

Understand Liang Wudi's "military attack" and then talk about Liang Wudi's "rule of law". From the fate of Li Guang and Li Ling's grandson, readers must have been able to perceive that the so-called "rule of law" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is actually the appointment of cruel officials and severe punishment, which is called "cruelty". A powerful empire with a gifted monarch is the easiest way to expand Zhang Zhilu. However, if it wants to expand and expand its territory, it will be difficult to implement benevolent policies. Severe punishment is often an inevitable choice. It is precisely because of the severe punishment of Li Ling by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that other soldiers would rather die than surrender when fighting against Xiongnu. Besides, its severe punishment is not only for others, but also for your own family. Please look at the following two examples.

Princess royal Ma Xu, the younger sister of Emperor Wu, has only one son, Zhao Pingjun, who married Princess Yi 'an, the daughter of Emperor Wu. However, only princess royal Ma Xu knows her son and her brother best. Before she died, she used thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars to atone for Zhao Pingjun's death. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty may agree to let his sister die. Later, Zhao Pingjun killed a master Fu, and many people demanded that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty honor his promise to his sister to avoid Zhao Pingjun's death. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty cried and said, "My sister really only has this son, which was entrusted to me before she died. However, this decree was issued by the first emperor. How can I enter the sacrificial temple of Emperor Gaozu because of my sister? Moreover, it failed everyone. " Later, Zhu Pi killed his nephew and son-in-law Zhao Pingjun.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wants to live forever. Historical records? The biographies of Xiao Wu are almost all about his pursuit of eternal life. Some charlatans came to fill the palace. Because of years of fighting and harsh laws, the people and the court complained bitterly about him, which became his biggest heart disease: fear of others secretly cursing himself. Those charlatans took the opportunity to set up witchcraft in the palace, and hundreds of ministers and people in the palace died of witchcraft. One of them, Jiang Chong, knew that the prince was virtuous and kind, and hated charlatans. If Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died, there would be no good end, so he decided to attack the prince. If you want to bring down the prince, you have to bring down the queen at the same time, so you lied that there was witchcraft in the palace of the prince and the queen, and you wanted to dig three feet in the palace of the prince and the queen, leaving no bed for the prince and the queen. This is obviously a scam. He dug up a cursed wooden head in her womb. At this time, the prince had two choices: either learn from Fu Su, the prince of Qin Shihuang, or do something. In fact, when Fu Su received Qin Ershi's fake testamentary edict, General Meng Tian suggested that he investigate and verify it first. He also wants to investigate and verify, but the problem is that his father is extremely cruel in his mind. If it is verified through investigation that he has died, he will not be the only one who died, but also his mother, wife and children. At this time, Prince Han, like Fu Su, decided to take the road of Fu Su, no matter from his image of his father or from his own situation. However, due to the dissuasion of the people and Jiang Chong's rampant persecution, Tie made him kill Jiang Chong and decided to defend himself. This led to the war between soldiers who were pro-Wangfu and officers and men of the central government, and also led to the deaths of many officials and tens of thousands of officers and men. At the same time, the queen committed suicide. The prince was defeated and fled with his two sons for more than a month. Soon, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty woke up and realized that the prince had been wronged, but it was already difficult to ride a tiger. Unexpectedly, it led to a greater tragedy: the prince was hanged because he was found, and two lovely emperors and grandchildren of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were also killed. At this point, perhaps readers will wonder: How could such a militaristic and cruel Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty depose a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? Isn't this ridiculous and contradictory? Let's discuss the mental journey of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who began to fight against the Huns, had a lofty goal of establishing martial arts in the world when he was young, so he should have a good rule of law and a strict rule of law. That is to say, at first, he only put rule o.

First of all, the wealth accumulated by "Wen Zhi Shan Shui" has been exhausted by him, and the burden of the people in the Central Plains is increasing day by day. The biggest difference between the expansion of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the expansion of the western world is that the latter is mainly for plunder, while the former is only for opening up territory and expanding territory. For example, after he established nine counties in the southeast, as long as the nine counties recognized the central government, they would not levy taxes and corvees in the nine counties. Therefore, after the Three Kingdoms period, there was civil strife in the Central Plains, and nine counties were almost forgotten. The people of the nine counties are not happy to leave the central government, but miss it. Just a few hundred years later, Mrs. Xian led the Lingnan people, including Hainan Island, to return to the central government voluntarily. Although Liang Wudi's expansion policy was beneficial to later generations, it increased the burden on the people in the Central Plains.

Secondly, so many heroes who shouldn't be killed were killed, and even the whole hero family was hurt. Is Emperor Wu really so calm in his heart? Take Li Ling as an example. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty didn't want to kill all Li Ling's family at first, but it was later reported that Li Ling helped the Huns to deal with the Han army before killing all Li Ling's family. It turned out that Xu Li helped the Huns to deal with the Han army. Li Ling was almost killed by E Shi of Xiongnu, because he never helped Xiongnu. Xiongnu Khan really respected Li Ling and sent Li Ling to the far north to hide before he escaped death. Knowing this, did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty feel no pain at all?

Finally, the death of the prince and his two grandchildren made him extremely sad. He completely woke up from the dream of immortality and drove away all the charlatans. This awakening made him at least one level higher than Li Shimin of Qin Shihuang and Emperor Taizong of later generations, because both Qin Shihuang and Li Shimin were unrepentant. Li Shimin was poisoned by taking Dan medicine for a long time, at the age of 52.

In his painful mental journey, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty obviously had a profound reflection on his great goal of practicing martial arts when he was young. Yes, if we don't fundamentally adjust the expansion mentality, will there be an end to expansion? Endless conquest only gains land, but loses morality, popular support, education, peace, harmony between monarch and minister, and Chinese civilization. So in the last two years, he will change "military attack" into "armament". On the occasion of the Lunar New Year, he earnestly warned ministers: "Today's task is to ban violence, stop giving good gifts and strive for agriculture. Ma Su ordered people to fill the vacancy, but he was not armed. " This imperial edict is the first imperial edict of Emperor China.

Therefore, he will develop from "respecting Confucianism" in the style of "literary ambition" to "knocking down a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" because only Confucianism is deeply rooted in the feudal system for thousands of years, and Confucianism is the closest and most orthodox inheritance of the feudal system; Only by choosing Confucianism can we inherit feudal tradition, feudal thought, feudal culture and feudal blood. Although China is no longer a feudal country, it can still be called a "feudal country". Choosing Confucianism means choosing propriety, benevolence, observance and prevention. China will never expand abroad again!

It is precisely because of this correct choice that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stood at the commanding heights of all feudal emperors in China!