What do you mean, through Kanto?

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, a large number of people from the Central Plains and Jiangbei were forced or took the initiative to cross Shanhaiguan and Bohai Sea to explore, open up wasteland and settle in Northeast China.

The development of history

From 1644 to 1667, the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclaiming Land in Liaodong stipulates that "for every 100 people recruited, the title of magistrate will be awarded, and the garrison will be awarded the rank". During these 23 years, "many Shandong people immigrated to the northeast", and many areas in Liaodong were "blessed with many benefits" because of immigration. Most people from Hebei and Henan moved to Anshan, Liaoyang and Yingkou. Most people in Shandong moved to Dalian and Dandong.

1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs in Northeast China and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the Qing court ordered "Liaodong to recruit people to be officials and stop forever" and implemented a policy of banning Guandong. In fact, the immigration inside and outside the customs and the sudden stop of cultural exchanges during this period were the manifestations of the Qing government's closed door.

From 186 1 to191after the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the frontier weakened day by day, and Russia continued to encroach on the Heilongjiang border. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of Heilongjiang general Tepkin, and officially reclaimed land in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). From then on, land reclamation is prohibited and immigrants are encouraged to settle in the frontier to revitalize the economy outside the customs.

/kloc-in the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine year after year, but the Qing government still prohibited customs clearance. Thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and risked being punished to "rush into" Kanto, which is the origin of "rushing to pass". In the late Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China. Famine was partially banned in Kanto in Qing Dynasty 1860 and completely banned in 1897. 19 10, the total population of kanto increased to180,000. During the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949), "going to the east" surged, with nearly 40 million people on the eve of New China. In 38 years of the Republic of China, the average number of people from Shandong who went to Kanto reached 480,000 per year, with a total of over 6,543,800+0,830, accounting for about half of the total population (37 million).

Create background

There are two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. Throughout history, people in Shanhaiguan inland area make a living through customs, which can be described as "crossing the Kanto", which is broad. The narrow sense of "breaking through the Kanto" only refers to the history of people from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu who went to Kanto make a living from the Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. What we usually call "crossing the Kanto" is narrow.

As a social custom, traveling to the East is widely accepted. The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the land outside Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. During the hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, people from Shanhaiguan, such as Shandong, left their hometown and began to travel eastward. In the Qing dynasty, the system of ethnic hierarchy and segregation was implemented, and Han people were forbidden to enter the "Longxing land" in the northeast for farming-a customs ban was issued. Shunzhi warned Manchu nobles to finally retreat to Kanto. The Manchu family poured into Shanhaiguan, and the population of Kanto dropped sharply. Under the pretext of "ancestors prospering the king's office", we protected "the benefits of participating in the mountains and rivers" and implemented the policy of banning Kanto for a long time. At the beginning of Shunzhi, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker fence"-the Great Wall of Northeast China (wicker fence, willow wall, Liucheng fence and striped fence) was built in sections, covering the whole territory, and it was completed in the middle of Kangxi. From Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to the wicker border in the south of Fengcheng, it is called "Old Border"; Since Kaiyuan Northeast, Jilin has been called the "new frontier" in the north. Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the door of Shanhaiguan, which was left unlocked, was opened and the tide of refugees surged. People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The superposition of the wave of "Crossing the Kanto" means that the culture of the Central Plains has been promoted to kanto region on a large scale, and cultural exchanges have entered a new stage. If the cultural exchange in the "closed-door" era is characterized by the "influence" of Central Plains culture on the inherent culture of Northeast China and the artificial interference of "closed-door", then under the open historical conditions, Central Plains culture spread rapidly in kanto region, making Central Plains culture and Kanto culture coexist in the vast Kanto.

The "copy" of Shandong Village, hebei village and henan village in Kanto is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture, and there are many people. Do they have every reason to maintain Qilu culture or not? Yanzhao culture, the so-called "living in groups, its language customs are as old as before" is. They can adapt to local social customs and religious beliefs and use local languages and characters without changing themselves. In a sense, this is also cultural conservatism. When talking about the significance of "de-orientalization", Zhao Zhongfu said: "In the social sense, the four eastern provinces and regions are basically the expansion of agricultural society in North China. There is a geographical distance between them, but there is no obvious cultural difference. North China and the four eastern provinces are similar in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethical concept and economic behavior. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the four eastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. "

In the face of Qilu culture and Yanzhao culture, Kanto culture can't be without vigilance, and it can't be without the contradiction of "natives". For example, "Introduction to Heilongjiang Province" said: "While hiring people to open up wasteland, there are many Zhili and Shandong provinces. Every time after the ice is valued, pedestrians can be seen everywhere in Ji Feng and Jilin provinces, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province (now Xinping 'an Town, Da 'an City, Jilin Province) is also an example. "An Guang County Records" records: "Before the county was founded, the Mongols were not proficient in farming. This is a barren land. After the Han people came to cultivate seeds, the flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongolians bullied them more ... In the 30 th year of Guangxu (1904), members were allowed to open up wasteland and recruit households' territory. The guests arrived at the news, and then ... Mongolia became worse. "

On behalf of this city

Dalian is a representative immigrant city in The Journey to the West.

Dalian has its particularity in the wave of going east;

First, the population composition has changed greatly, and its degree ranks among the best in the cities in Northeast China. Before entering Kanto, the population of Dalian was only about 200,000, but after entering Kanto, the population of Dalian increased several times.

Second, the proportion of descendants of Shandong people is very high, much higher than other northeastern cities. By the end of 1990 (the fourth national census), the proportion of Shandong descendants accounted for about 60% of Dalian's total population.

Third, Dalian is the only city whose accent has been changed after a trip to the East. Dalian dialect is also called Jiaoliao Mandarin, or Lai dialect. This is because a large number of Yantai and Weihai immigrants entered Dalian, living and working in the form of gathering places, and formed a characteristic language. In other northeastern cities, there is little difference between Hebei dialect and Northeast dialect, and there are few immigrants in some areas (such as Jilin area), so the original local language has not been changed.

Fourth, Dalian culture has changed a lot, such as the current food culture. Dalian cuisine is mainly Shandong cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, plus Northeast cuisine and Fujian cuisine (a small number of Fujian people immigrated to Dalian at that time).