Why are there more Han people than ethnic minorities?

The Chinese nation is a concept of gradual integration and expansion. In 4000 BC, the Tibetan and Burmese people lived in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Xia people lived in the Hexi Corridor and the northern part of the Loess Plateau (now Baoji City), the China people lived in Luoyang, Guanzhong (now Huaiyang County) in the south of Shanxi Province, and the ancestors of Chiyou lived in the south of Huaihe River and Hanjiang River Basin. In 2700 BC, the leader of Xia nationality, Huangdi, marched eastward and defeated Yan Di, the leader of the Chinese nation, with Xinzheng County as its capital. Later, the two clans wiped out Chiyou, the leader of the Hanshui River and Huaihe River, and occupied the whole Central Plains. The two clans of Huaxia gradually merged into the Huaxia nationality. Yu's son destroyed the abdication system and established the federal Xia Dynasty with Dengfeng County as its capital, which was the first state power in the history of the Chinese nation. The territory directly under Xia Guo only includes the Central Plains and southern Shaanxi. The Loess Plateau and Hexi Corridor, the hometown of Xia nationality, were successively occupied by Tibetans, Burmese and Tuholos, and the Xia nationality left behind accepted alien colonial rule.

In BC 1550, the Shang tribe living in the north of Shangqiu (then called Dongyi) destroyed the central part of the Xia Dynasty and became the master of the Central Plains, covering more territory than Xuzhou and Luxi in the Xia Dynasty. Dongyi is between Huaxia and Tunguska in blood, but it is not much different from Huaxia in appearance. Their differences are mainly in culture, which can be called Huaxia branch. After 500 years of rule, the Shang tribe was completely sinicized.

In BC 1050, the Zhou tribe destroyed the central part of the Shang Dynasty and established a powerful Zhou Dynasty. The territory of Zhou Dynasty was larger than that of Shang Dynasty, including Guanzhong and Yan. As for Zhou, there are two versions. First, the Zhou tribe is a branch of the Huaxia nationality, living in today's Taikang County, and later moved to Guanzhong. They often fought against the Tuhuoluo of the Qiang nationality and the Tibetan and Burmese nationality, inevitably contaminated with the factors of Xirong, and their cultural concepts began to be different from those of China in the Central Plains. However, as an immigrant of Huaxia nationality in Guanzhong, Huaxia nationality is still the main body in blood culture. Secondly, the Zhou tribe is a Sumerian who fled to Gansu in 2006 BC. However, some people say that Sumerians are a branch of Xia people who migrated from Hexi Corridor to Lianghe River Basin in 3 100 BC. Qin is also a branch of Dongyi, which was completely sinicized during the Warring States period. Chu (the ruling class is descended from Zhu Rongjia of the Yellow Emperor, while citizens are descended from Chiyou) has a strong blood relationship with China, but its civilization is backward (similar to that of Dongyi), but it was completely from China during the Warring States Period.

Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Chinese people merged with Chu people, and Qin Shihuang immigrated a large number of Chinese Chu people to Hetao, so there were many Chinese blood relatives among the later Xiongnu and Xianbei people in the west. During the Western Han Dynasty, a new nationality (Han nationality) was formed on the basis of Huaxia nationality. The Han nationality in the Han Dynasty is a mixture of Huaxia, Dongyi and Chu nationalities, and some of them are of Qiang descent.

According to historical records, there were 72 million people in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but because of the war, the population dropped sharply to 1/3, that is, 24 million, and the population at the end of the Three Kingdoms was 25 million. After the truce, Cao Wei, Wu and Han all resumed production and construction, and by the middle of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 300), the population had increased to 33.79 million. More than half of the population died in the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Han population was even less than150,000 in 3/7 years after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. There are 800,000 Qiang, Di and Huns in Shaanxi, but the local population of Han nationality is only 800,000 because of war and flight. As for Shanxi, it is the world of Xiongnu clan and Xianbei, with a population of 800,000. Only 654.38 million Han people stayed there. There should be 800,000 Xianbei people in Hebei, while the local Han population is only 1.5 million. As for the Henan-Shandong region, which is dominated by the Han nationality, the population is absolutely dominant, while the Xianbei people who moved here mainly rely on the rice rented by the Han nationality at 50 stone per household; Dunhuang area is mostly Han nationality in exile in the Central Plains and local Han nationality. Later, 300,000 Jie people were basically killed by Ran Min; During the pre-Qin period, 400,000 Miao people were stationed in other places from Guanzhong. Due to the scattered distribution of Di people, they were drowned in Wang Yang of Han nationality for 50 years, Fu Jian was destroyed by Xiyan and Houqin, Fu Pi was destroyed by Houyan, and Mao Deng was destroyed by Xiqin. Western Qin was destroyed by Xiongnu fox in summer, later Qin by Eastern Jin, and Hu Xia by Tugu Hun. The Murong Department and Qiu Fu Department of Xianbei were destroyed by Northern Wei, Fengba and Eastern Jin in the melee. By the time the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties were united in the north, there were only two major ethnic groups left in the north of China-the Han nationality and the Xianbei nationality. (At the beginning of the 4th century, the total population of Tuoba Xianbei nationality was no more than one million, even far below this figure. Due to the gap between Qin Yan and Qin Yan, the folk Han people resumed their growth. From 368 to 407, the population of Han people in China recovered to 30 million, and the population in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was150,000, so there were150,000 folk Han people in the north.

Wan. In 520, the population of China increased to 52.4 million, including 20 million in the southern dynasties, 23.5 million in the northern dynasties, 4 million in mixed blood and 4.9 million in Xianbei. Xianbei Jie, who was slaughtered in the Erzhurong rebellion, and Xianbei Wei, who started in 534, attacked each other, and the population of Xianbei has dried up. Because qi zhou refused to be sinicized, Xianbei people rarely merged into the blood of the Han people, and finally ended their existence in the history of China with most of them killing each other and a few merging into the Han people. Because the Hu people took fighting as their profession, most of them died in the 200-year-long northern melee. (Zhu Erjie people were all killed by Hu Situn, and then the Lord Chen Yue killed them again, leaving few Xianbei people. ) So that Yu Wentai in the Western Wei Dynasty had to supplement troops from the Han people, engage in officers and soldiers, and lead troops with the local Han strongmen. Yu Wentai and Yuan Xin are the only Xianbei people in the Eight Pillars, while other Li Bi (descendants of Li Ling), Li Hu, Li Yuan, Zhao Gui, Yang Zhong and Wang Xiong are all Han Chinese. Generally speaking, in the late Northern Dynasties, General Hu was greatly reduced, and Han generals emerged one after another, such as Wei Xiaokuan, the general of the Western Wei Dynasty, Sima Yang Yuanshou of Wuchuan Town, Yang Zhong's father, Gao Huan, the Han nationality in Liaodong, and Qin Gui, the general of the Northern Qi Dynasty. Since then, the Han people have an overwhelming advantage not only in the people, but also in the military. Most of the Han soldiers and ancestors in the Zhou, Qi, Sui and Tang Dynasties rose with the East and West.

Wei coexisted. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, due to the death of Hu people in Guanzhong and Shanxi, the growth of folk Han people and the return of Han people from other places, Han people occupied an overwhelming advantage. By 58 1 year, the population of China was 44.3 million, including 0/80,000 in southern dynasties, 20 million in northern dynasties, 3 million in mixed blood and 3.3 million in Xianbei. Therefore, the lineage of the Han nationality in the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties is about (2000+ 150)/2630=82%.

Let's talk about the Han nationality in the Southern Dynasties. Between the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and Yangzhou-Zhenjiang-Liyang-Xuanzhou-Huangshan-Jiujiang-Wuhan-Changde-Huaihua-Baise, there have been a large number of Han immigrants since Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, during the Warring States period, Chu was completely owned by China, and after Sichuan was occupied by Qin, it gradually became part of China and became a part of the Han nationality. In addition, since Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion and the difficulty of getting Jingkang, the Han immigrants in the Central Plains have gradually surpassed the local Wu Man. (The Han nationality in Yunnan was originally an immigrant from Nanjing under the leadership of Mu Ying in the Ming Dynasty. Later, the Qing Dynasty implemented the policy of "returning home" and a large number of Han nationality in Sichuan poured in. Therefore, 90% of the Han people in this area are Chinese, surpassing the Han people in the north. As for southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan, there are at most 60% Han descent, so Wu dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect are difficult to understand. Shanghai-Southern Jiangsu has been a mixture of Chinese and barbarians since Taibo entered Suzhou. Later, the number of Han Chinese who fled here in the Northern War gradually increased, surpassing the local barbarians. Zhejiang originally belonged to Yue State, and was later destroyed by the Huaxia Chu State. The Yue people collapsed in the south, and Han people poured into Shanyue (which did not belong to the Miao and Yao nationality of Baiyue, the ancestor of She nationality). Hunan and Jiangxi are both Han people and a large number of Wu Lingren (Miao Yao

Ancestors of ethnic groups), a few Yunmeng Fujian and Guangdong ethnic groups live together. But let's not say that Nan Man is closer to the Han nationality than Baiyue in blood and physical characteristics, which is also the basis for the significant differences between the Han nationality in Fujian and Guangdong and other Han nationalities.

Fujian and Guangdong may have a large number of Baiyue lineages. There is no doubt that Fujian people are descendants of Fujian and Guangdong. After the destruction of Fujian and Vietnam by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, although many Fujian and Vietnam aborigines and nobles were forced to move to Jianghuai and Yunmeng, there were still fewer Han people than Fujian and Vietnam aborigines at that time. It was not until a large number of Han people in Gushi moved south that Han people were on an equal footing with the indigenous population. Therefore, the Han descent of Fujian people does not exceed 60% at most, which is doomed to more Baiyue characteristics. Guangdong and Guangxi may have more South Vietnamese ancestry, which can be seen from their similarity with Vietnamese. Guangdong and Guangxi have at most 50% Han descent. Cantonese, Zhuang language, Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect are difficult to understand, which can be seen.

At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, there were 600,000 jurchen. Later, there were 400,000 jurchen in the Central Plains, and 43 million Han people under the rule of the State of Jin. After Jin's death, the Han people were full of hatred for Jin people and killed all the Jurchen men, women and children who stayed in North China. It is hard to imagine that the Han people who hated Nuzhen at that time were afraid of killing it and would marry Nuzhen! ! !

The Mongolian population of the Mongolian Empire is less than 6.5438+0.5 million, scattered in Eurasia, and will not exceed 500,000 in the Central Plains. The population of Han nationality in Yuan Dynasty was 97.3 million, which was completely overwhelming. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang pursued a policy of genocide against the Mongols who stayed in China. The Mongolians in Yunnan were so frightened that they changed their national attributes that they dared not say they were Mongolians for hundreds of years.

It is true that there was ethnic integration in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, because although the Jieertie, Xiongnu, Bianyi and Qiang ethnic groups in China were all eliminated, the Xianbei ethnic group was indeed integrated into the Han nationality. However, during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the contradiction between Hu and Han was ten times sharper than that between China and Japan during the Anti-Japanese War. This is purely a bloody massacre between races, and there is no condition for racial integration at all. Although the Hu people took the initiative at the beginning of the war, due to the degeneration of the Hu people's will and the disparity in the population contrast between Hu and Han, the Hu people's regime eventually perished, and after its demise, it was brutally retaliated by the Han people, and the Hu people who stayed in China were basically killed. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, due to the plague and war in the Central Plains, the population dropped sharply, and the locust tree immigrants in the west of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province moved to the Central Plains, which was a famous migration of Han nationality in the north in history. Manchu is a jurchen descendant who stayed in the native land of Northeast China after the Jin regime entered the Central Plains. By this century, Manchu has basically merged with Han nationality, which is the second national integration in the history of China. The integration of 2 million Manchu into the Han nationality with a population of 300 million basically cannot change the attributes of the Han nationality. Therefore, the Han nationality is a relatively pure nation.