*** Development History

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, after the rise of Christianity in the Peninsula, a large number of Christian merchants came to China to do business and lived in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chang'an and other places.

Many people marry, have children, and multiply.

At that time, they were called "Jiahu", those living along the coast were called "Tibetan guests", and those born in China were called "native Fanke".

Except for a few of those with higher cultural levels who adopt Chinese surnames, these people generally use *** or Persian names without surnames.

Such as Gan Siding, Mu Balasha, Ahema, etc.

In the 13th century, with the Western Expedition of the Mongols, a large number of Chinese officials, sergeants, scholars, businessmen and other people from Central Asia, the Near East, the Middle East, and Persia Craftsmen, etc., were issued or voluntarily migrated to China and were distributed throughout the country. They were called "Japanese people" at that time.

After they settled down, they mixed with the Han people and intermarried with Han, Mongolian and other ethnic groups. They multiplied and merged to form an ethnic homogeneity dominated by ethnic minorities.

They still use names related to Christianity, that is, Christian names, also known as sutra names.

A very small number of officials and scholar-bureaucrats not only use the original name of ***, but also are influenced by the Han people and use characters or nicknames, such as the famous poet Saduzi of ***, whose courtesy name is Tianxi , No. Zhizhai.

In order to avoid duplication of *** names, some people add Han surnames in front of the original *** names, such as Jin Ali, Mamusha, etc., for easy appellation.

There are also a few people who use Chinese names, such as Ma Angfu, Sa Tianxi, Ding Henian and so on.

In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the assimilation policy of large ethnic groups, discriminated against and oppressed ethnic minorities, and prohibited intermarriage within the Communist Party and the use of "Hu language" and "Hu surname".

*** Due to pressure, I concealed my original name and began to use a Chinese name.

However, there is a big difference from the Han people in the way of choosing surnames.

Most of them took the original name of *** and the transliteration of a certain character in the names of the sages to establish their surnames. For example, the descendants of Boduludin took the surname "Bo" from their ancestors' names. Later, "Bo" was changed to "Bai".

This way of obtaining surnames has certain uniqueness, so there are surnames that are not available or rare among Han surnames.

Such as Sai, Na, Ha, Su, Yu, Di, Ya, Hu, Bai, Ti, Sa, Shaan, Shen, Hu, Sa, Ma, Mu, Hei, Sha, Hai, Duo, Zhe, Hui, Jade, Ba, rough, A, Gai, Xian, Xi, Ding, Ke, Reliance, Sprinkle, Swing, etc.

2. The way of choosing the surname of ***

The way of choosing the surname of *** has its own national characteristics. It is based on a certain character in the name of the sages who taught in *** Some of the surnames are based on a character in the original names of their ancestors; some are given surnames by the emperor, and some take the initiative to use Chinese surnames; some are based on Hui surnames, and some are named after the place of residence. Many were forced to change their surnames.

(1) Take *** and teach the sages and ancestors to establish a surname with one character in their names

As the saying goes: "Ten *** and nine horses, the rest will be named Sarah." Ha.

"The surname Ma is found all over the country and is a common surname among people.

According to a survey conducted by a *** *** with the surname Ma in the Qing Dynasty across the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, there were "twenty-seven surnames of Ma, with the same surname but different clans" in the three provinces.

In the *** settlement area, some entire villages, villages, and alleys are inhabited by people with the surname Ma, and there are villages named after the surname Ma, such as Majiazhuang, Majiawan, and Majia. Village and so on.

There are so many Ma surnames ***, and the main ways of obtaining the surname are as follows: First, it is taken from the transliteration of ***’s original name.

*** There are many names with the sound "horse" in their original names. For example, the descendants of Ahema take the last sound of their predecessors' names, and the descendants of Mahemasha take the first sound of their predecessors' names.

According to the "Huaining Ma Family Genealogy": "My family originates from Lu Mu in the Western Region. Our ancestor tabooed the Lu Mu script and translated it into Chinese as Ma Yizegong, so he took Ma as his surname.

< p> "The second is that the surname is taken from the word related to the name of the Christian saint ***.

*** is basically a nation where all the people believe in *** religion. They worship and admire *** saints very much. They usually follow the "Holy Code" when talking and doing things. Everything *** has done. Yes, *** are happy to do it.

Therefore, when naming scriptures, many people like to take the same name as ***, such as Muhammad, Muhanzi, etc.

When choosing a surname, choose a surname related to ***'s first name.

*** has different transliterations in Chinese history, especially before the Ming Dynasty (including the Ming Dynasty). Some translators translated *** as Mahema, Mahamud or Mahe Mudi. etc.

In the "History of the Ming Dynasty", there are records such as "The ancestor of Xiang Hui was named Mahama" and "The calendar of *** was created by Mahama, King of Medina in the Western Regions", etc., which ** * Translated as homophonic "Maha Ma".

In this way, when *** chooses a surname, they usually take the first word "horse" of *** transliteration as the surname.

For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ma Ma (a close minister of Wokuotai), Ahema (prime minister during the reign of Emperor Shizu), Mahe Masha (the Minister of the Ministry of Industry and the leader of the Chadier Bureau), and Ma Ha Ma (the Duke of Xianyang in the Zhishun period), Mahema (the county captain of Zhenghe County in Fujian during the Zhizheng period), Mahamousha (the same as Andalu Huachi in the fifteenth year of Zhizheng), as well as Mahemu, Mahemosa, Mahema and Mo Hema, Mahemu, Mahasha, etc. are all Chinese transliterations of the original name ***.

Many of their descendants took the character "horse" as their surname.

Third, under the pressure of the ruling class, *** changed the surname to Ma even though there were many Han people with the surname Ma at that time.

Fourth, the court gave him the surname Ma.

For example, "Also think about it, the emperor of the Western Regions, in the 23rd year of Hongwu, was appointed as the leader of the Nanjing Jinyi Guards; Zima Hama came to the post in the first year of Tianshun, Yingzong, and was promoted to the governor Qian for many merits. After the incident, the emperor gave him the surname Ma Mingzheng, who later became a prominent family in Nanjing.

"Due to several reasons, after long-term development, more and more people with the surname Ma.

The four surnames Wan, Wan, An, and Wang, according to Chinese folklore and self-proclaimed names, all originated from the people who came to my country to spread Christianity in China during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (627-649) * People━━Wang Gesi.

Wan Gesi is also translated as "Wan Ge Si", "Wang Ge Shi", "O Ge Shi", "O Ge Si" and so on in China.

His descendants took the homophonic first sound of their ancestor’s original name and took the surname Wang.

Some people with the surname Wang claim to be "come with King Yan" and are descendants of military officers of the early Ming Dynasty.

Today, people with the surname Wang are mainly distributed in the north, mostly in the Yanshan area of ??Cangxian County, Hebei Province and Tongxin Wangjia Tuanzhuang, Ningxia.

People with the surname An are mainly distributed in Shandong, Hebei and northwest China.

The surname Mu is mostly taken from the first sounds of the names of ***’s ancestors such as “Musa” and “Mohan”.

For example, "History of the Yuan Dynasty. In the Clan List, there is Mugu Bili of *** aristocratic family.

Some surnames are taken from the first sound of the ancestor’s original name, and some are taken from the sound of a certain character in the middle and the last sound.

For example, the descendants of Hailudin were surnamed Hai, the descendants of those who changed their residence were surnamed, and the descendants of Odura and the barbarians were surnamed La.

Sha’s surname *** is mostly taken from the first and last sounds of ***’s name.

For example, "Historical History of the New Yuan Dynasty" records the biography of Yehei Song'er: "Yehei Die'er, the people from the Western Regions, Zima, conspired to Shamier Shacimu Balashaci Hudulu Shaci Aluhunsha.

"History of the Yuan Dynasty. The Clan List also records Daolasha, Bielosa, Zhangjisha and other aristocratic families. Most of their descendants took their surnames from their ancestors' original names.

There are also many people with the surname Sha who are derived from the initial sound of their ancestors’ original names.

There are many "Sha'ade" names in the Sutra of ***, and their descendants take Sha as their surname.

Volume 132 of "History of the Yuan Dynasty" contains: Sha Quan, the Hacilu family, whose father is Sha, has lived in the desert for a long time. Quan's first name was Sha'erchi. He was captured by the Song army when he was just five years old. Under Liu Zheng's reign, the people of the Song Dynasty named Sha as his father's name, and gave him Quan as his surname.

(2) Those who are divided into several surnames based on the names of their ancestors

Among the *** surnames, in addition to common surnames such as Ma, Ding, and Bai, Sai, Sa, Su, and Hu Thirteen surnames such as , Na and Shen were not found in "Hundred Family Surnames".

*** The thirteenth surname comes from Sai Dianchi, an outstanding politician in our country. Gansi Ding. Umar and his descendants.

In 1221, during Genghis Khan's western expedition, the Mongolian army occupied Bukhara. The Japanese Kulu Martin and his son Sai Dianchi. Fansi Ding led thousands of cavalry to surrender.

Because of Sai Dianchi. Gansi Ding was smart and brave, and was trusted and reused by Genghis Khan. He was appointed as a guard in front of the tent and fought in the north and south.

During the reign of Wokuotai and Mengge Khan, he served as the political minister of Pingzhang Province in Shaanxi Province, the fifth route to Xishu in Sichuan Province, and in 1274, he served as the political minister of Pingzhang Province in Yunnan Province.

During Sai Dianchi's reign, he built farmland, built water conservancy, built post roads, established education, reformed the administrative system, prospered the economy, and improved people's lives. His achievements were outstanding and his prestige was so high that the people consciously built monuments for him. .

After the death of Sai Dianchi, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, personally announced that "Although Sai Dianchi has passed away, his virtue and governance still exist, and anyone who dares to change his policy will be punished."

According to legend, Sai Dianchi is the thirty-first grandson of the Christian prophet ***.

"Saidianchi" *** The original meaning of the text is "the glorious saint", that is, the great noble.

"衡Siding" means "the sun of religion".

"Umar" means "longevity."

The descendants of Sai Dianchi not only remember the great achievements of their predecessors, but also take the first sound of the title of Sai Dianchi as "Sai".

Sai Dianchi. Gansi had five sons.

The eldest son, Nasuradin, served as an official in Pingzhang of Yunnan Province and Pingzhang in Shaanxi Province; the second son, Hasan, served as Marshal of the Xuanwei Envoy in Guangdong Province; the third son, Huxin, served in Yunnan Province Youcheng, Pingzhang Zhengshi of Jiangxi Province; the fourth son, Tomsu Dingwumili, served as Pingzhang Zhengshi of Yunnan Province.

Their descendants include Sai, Na, Ha, Su, Hu, Ma, Sa, Sha, Ding, Shen, Mu, Yang, Hao and other surnames. It is said that their descendants are divided into "Thirteen surnames", mainly Concentrated in Yunnan.

Until the sixth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1856), the Qing government ordered the "annihilation of Hui", which triggered a large-scale armed resistance by the Communist Party, which was the famous "Bingchen Incident" in history. The person named *** was forced to live in different parts of the country.

Later, in the long-term development, other surnames evolved from the thirteen surnames.

For example, the surname Hu later developed into the surname Hu and Hu, and the surname Shen later developed into the surname Shaanxi, etc.

Another example is Sai Dianchi’s son Nasu Din, whose descendants have the surnames Na, Su (Su), La (La) and Ding respectively.

According to "Shaanxi Tongzhi", at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the aristocrat Nasu Ding "had many descendants, divided into four surnames: Na, Su, La (La) and Ding, and they lived in various provinces."

Jinna surname *** is mainly distributed in Yunnan and Ningxia *** Autonomous Region and other places.

In Najiahu Village, Yongning County, Ningxia alone, there are more than 700 households with the surname Na***, and more than 4,000 people.

People with the surname La *** are mainly distributed in Linxia *** Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province and other places.

The surname La *** is distributed in Shaanxi and other places.

The surname Ding can be found all over the country.

The descendants of Ibrahim took each letter of their ancestor's name to establish a surname.

Because Ibrahim is also translated as Yibai Lajin or Yibai Lajin, most of his descendants have the surnames Yi, Bai, La, and Jinguan.

(3) Surnames given by emperors

Among the *** surnames, there are many surnames given by emperors of the past dynasties, such as Li, Da, Da, Zhang, Bai, Mu , Shaanxi, Zheng, Zhu, Jin and other surnames.

Legend has it that General Li Hemo and Li Yansheng from the Dashi country, as well as Li and Li Xun from Persia, were all given surnames by the emperor.

The surname of Da in the Yuan Dynasty was *** (now distributed in Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province). According to the family tree of the Da family, his ancestors were from Semu, and his given mother was Balasa (Persian: the title of an official). Because of his outstanding achievements, he was granted the title of Pingzhang by the Yuan Dynasty and given the name Dabuhua. His descendants took the first sound of his name as their surname.

People with the surname *** living in Jingzhou, Hubei, Nanyang, Henan and other places in my country today are also given surnames by the emperor.

According to the Genealogy of the Da Family in the 25th year of Daoguang’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1845), his family was originally from the Western Regions. From Yuan Shizu to Yuan Guisi (1293), Cihan and Cihaizu were tabooed. The same person can enter and offer a large pearl, but the price is not accepted. The emperor commends him for his honesty and names him Da, and his descendants take Da as their surname.

In the Bai surname ***, in addition to the transliteration of the original name of the predecessor, another source is the surname given by the emperor.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the *** aristocratic family Bo Du Nading, "his son Cha Khan, gave him the surname Bai".

The national surname of the Ming Dynasty was the emperor's surname Zhu.

According to the family history research of ***’s surname Zhu in Anhui and Shandong today, his ancestor’s surname was the surname Zhu given by the emperor.

Because Zhu has the same pronunciation as pig, many people later changed their surname to Hei.

The surname Zhang *** was also given by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

According to Hubei's "Zhang Family Genealogy", its ancestor Puluo "originally had a Buddhist name" and "was later given a surname in the early Ming Dynasty".

From then on, his descendants adopted the surname Zhang.

Of course, some people with the surname Zhang were forced to change their surname to Zhang.

The Latin descendants of Nasu in Songjiang, Shanghai were given the surname Tang.

Zheng He, the great commander in the history of our country’s navy and one of the world’s famous navigators, was given this surname by the emperor.

Zheng He’s original name was Ma Sanbao, and he was Sai Dianchi. The son of Ma Suhu, the fifth son of Gansi Ding, was captured and made a eunuch when the Ming army invaded Yunnan.

In July of the first year of Jianwen (1399), King Zhu Di of Yan launched the "Battle of Jingnan". In this important battle, Ma Sanbao fought bravely and made great contributions.

After King Yan became the emperor, he regarded Ma Sanbao, who was accompanying him, for his military exploits in Zhengcunkan, Beijing, and gave him the surname Zheng.

From then on, his descendants adopted the surname Zheng.

Today’s Zheng surname *** is mainly distributed in Yunnan, Hebei and northwest China.

*** Among them, there are also surnames such as Mu, Jin, and Shaanxi, which are also surnames given by the emperor.

For example, the surname Shaanxi *** was changed from the original surname to Shaanxi.

According to Jin Tianzhu's "*** Shi Qiao Ji" of the Qing Dynasty: "Ming Mao, a native of Gong'an County, Huguang, ascended Tianshun Jiashenke Jinshi.

During the imperial examination, the superior did not recognize him. When I asked the cabinet about the surname, Li Xian replied: "The pronunciation is the same as Shaanxi", so he changed it to Shaanxi in Yubi.

"Nowadays, people with the surname Shaanxi are distributed in Guangdong, Hunan and other places."

(4) Surnames based on *** ethnic groups and places

Among the *** surnames, although the proportion of those named after *** ethnic groups and places is small, but But it is very representative and full of national characteristics.

*** The saying "***'s surname is Hui" has long been circulated among the people.

In Hebei, my country.

There are many people with the surname Hui living in Shandong and northwest China.

*** was chosen as the surname Hui. According to the old man with the surname Hui, it has profound meanings: First, *** itself is from "*** countries" such as *** and Persia; The first is that the Hui people believe in the "Hui Hui Sect", that is, the Taoist religion; third, the Hui people have formed a Taoist nation after a long period of development.

In order to let future generations remember their ancestral origins, believe in the "Hui *** gate", and remember that they are of the *** ethnic group, they established "Hui" as their surname.

*** Some of them have surnames based on place names.

Such as Sai Dianchi in the Yuan Dynasty. Gansi Ding. Yang Yingkui, a descendant of Boyanchar, the grandson of Umar, originally lived in Jiaotou, Yangshi, Beijing (now Yangshikou, Beijing), and took the surname Yang.

In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to avoid war, he moved to Yidu, Shandong Province and changed his surname from Yang to Yang.

The surname Suo *** is also derived from place names. For example, Suojian in the Ming Dynasty was the transliteration of the name of Samarkan in Central Asia, and its descendants adopted Suo as their surname.

(5) After the Han, Mongolian and other nationalities merged into the ***, Han, Mongolian and other surnames appeared

Among the ***, there are many surnames that are common to the Han people. Such as Li, Zhou, Liu, Chen, Kong and other surnames.

Some of these surnames appeared due to marriages with the Japanese, and some were caused by the Han, Mongolian and other ethnic groups who believed in the Chinese religion after the Yuan Dynasty and gradually became part of the Chinese, but still maintained their original surnames. Surname.

For example, the words Tie, Tuo, Tie, Duo, Tuo, Huo, etc. in *** are related to the Mongolian names Tiemu'er, Tiemu'er, Tuobuhua, etc.

*** The surname Wan among them, according to the "Inscription on the Stele Yin of the Rebuilt Chaozhen Temple", "Wan" originated from the Wanyan family, who was of Jin descent.

During the Dading period of the Jin Dynasty, Jurchens were forbidden to mix with Han surnames, so they gave up Wan and became Yan. However, they did not dare to take the surname of Yanguo in Qufu, so they were called "Wan" surnames.

This shows that in the formation process of ***, the descendants of the Jurchens in Chinese history were integrated and the surname "Wan" was adopted.

The surname Duanmu in *** was originally a Han surname in the Spring and Autumn Period of ancient my country, and the surname Hu was originally a surname of the Xianbei people in my country. Later, because part of the surname Mu, the Han and Xianbei people merged into the *** ethnic group , so the surnames Duanmu and Hu are still used.

The party surname *** was originally the surname of the Dangxiang tribe in Xixia, my country. Later, some people merged with the *** ethnic group, so they also used this surname.

The people with the surname Kong who lived in the eastern part of today's Qinghai Province were originally descendants of Confucius. Later, they converted to Christianity and became part of the ***, but they still retained their original surnames.

Another example is Li Zhi (formerly known as Lin Zaizhi) of Quanzhou. His ancestor Lin Zhi went to Hormos in Persia to do business in the ninth year of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty (1376) and married a local woman. The wife, "then adopted the customs and never changed them throughout her life. Today's descendants will not abandon their pagan religions." Her descendants merged into the ***.