20 13 junior high school geography review materials

I. General introduction

1, continental boundary (pay attention to South America, North America and Latin America)

First, the natural dividing line between South America and North America; The political dividing line between North America and Latin America.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal

C Asia-Europe dividing line: Ural Mountain, ural river, Caucasus Mountain and Turkish Strait.

D. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span and the highest terrain; Europe is the lowest continent; Asia is the largest continent.

2. The location of the four oceans (which continents are surrounded); And famous islands in the ocean.

A, which continents are surrounded by?

B. Islands: Pacific-Hawaiian Islands, South Island and North Island of New Zealand.

Pacific-Hawaiian Islands, Malay Islands, North Island and South Island of New Zealand

Atlantic-Greenland, Iceland

Indian Ocean-Colombo Island, Madagascar

The Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the longest longitude span.

3. Main traffic arteries in the world and their conditions (including canals and straits).

A Suez Canal with a navigable capacity of 260,000 tons; Panama Canal-The navigation capacity is 50 million to 654.38 million tons.

B Straits of Malacca, Gibraltar, strait of magellan, Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, Mande Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, Turkish Strait and Bering Strait.

4. Developed and developing countries:

Developed countries: more than 20, mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan.

Developing countries:/kloc-more than 0/50, mostly in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Second, Asia.

1, monsoon climate is remarkable: (tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon, temperate monsoon, continental monsoon, maritime monsoon)

Read the distribution of climate types in Asia and analyze the reasons for the remarkable monsoon climate.

2.japan:

(1) natural environment characteristics:

Be familiar with the place names: Mishima, Seto Inland Sea, Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean, Kanto Plain, Tokyo Bay, Mount Fuji and Hokkaido Fishing Ground.

A, island country, winding coastline. -What a nice port. Such as Yokohama (the largest port), Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe and Kitakyushu.

B, 3/4 are mountainous areas; Marine monsoon climate (warm in winter and cool in summer. )-The forest coverage rate ranks first in the world (68%); Rich in water power.

C, located in the Pacific Rim volcanic earthquake zone-multi-volcano, earthquake. (Mount Fuji 3776m active volcano, 1995 Hanshin earthquake)

D, poor mineral resources-industrial fuel and raw materials need to be imported in large quantities.

Imported iron ore, oil and coal with superior marine transportation conditions;

Iron ore-imported from Australia, Brazil and India.

Gasoline engine oil-Middle East, Southeast Asia

Charcoal-China.

(2) Characteristics of Japan's economic development:

I. Highly developed capitalist countries

B favorable conditions for economic development: many ports, great advantages in human resources and high level of science and technology. Disadvantages: poor mineral resources and narrow market.

C, import raw materials, export industrial products, and vigorously explore the domestic market. Metallurgical, petrochemical, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics and other industries are the main industrial sectors in Japan.

D Japanese industry follows the layout principle of "close to the consumer market and close to the foreign trade outlet", and the industrial zones are concentrated in the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Four industrial zones: Keihin, Hanshin, Nagoya, Kitakyushu and Seto Inland Sea.

3. Southeast Asia:

(1) Be familiar with the geographical location of Southeast Asian countries.

(2) Familiar with Southeast Asian products: natural rubber, cinchona paste, tin (Malaysia) and petroleum. -"Single economy"

A. What are the advantages of developing tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia? A hot and humid climate; Fertile soil)

B. what are the adverse effects of analyzing the single economy in southeast Asia? Primary products are at a disadvantage in national trade because they are cheap in the international market.

(3) Singapore is like a newly industrialized country in Southeast Asia. What are the reasons for its development?

A, located in the throat of Malacca Strait, in the center of Southeast Asia, has become a distribution center and entrepot center for mutual trade among Southeast Asian countries.

B, in view of the shortage of resources, small area and narrow market, make full use of China's advantages of large population and advanced technology to develop entrepot trade (processing trade).

C, give full play to the advantages of tourism ("world garden" city)

Why does Singapore become a "world garden" city?

1. The tropical rain forest climate is suitable for the growth of tropical trees and flowers.

B. Reasonable municipal planning: heavy industry is concentrated in the west, and pollution is distributed on small islands far away from the urban area.

C, environmental protection work done in-depth.

4. The location of India

(1) Be familiar with the location of South Asia:

Ganges, Brahmaputra River, Indus River, Ganges Delta, Ganges Plain, Indus Plain, New Delhi

Main products: coal, iron, manganese, cotton, wheat, rice and jute.

(2) Unique tropical monsoon climate:

A year is divided into three seasons:

April-May is the hot season (southwest monsoon hasn't come yet, the temperature is very high, and precipitation is scarce. )

June-September is the rainy season (southwest monsoon prevails, with abundant precipitation and frequent floods). )

10 —— March of the following year is a cool season (the northeast monsoon prevails and the weather is warm and dry. )

As hot season and cool season belong to dry season, a year can also be divided into dry season (10-May) and rainy season (June-September).

(3) India's arable land area is 65438+73 million hectares, ranking first in Asia, which provides a good foundation for agricultural development. However, due to the concentration of precipitation in rainy season, the precipitation in dry season is scarce, and the precipitation changes greatly during the year, and floods, droughts and cold are frequent, so the development of water conservancy irrigation is particularly important for agricultural production.

5. Central Asia

(1) The importance of Central Asia's geographical location: it has been the only place for east-west traffic in Eurasia since ancient times.

Central Asia lives in the center of the continent, far from the ocean. The famous ancient "Silk Road" runs through southern Central Asia. The Silk Road starts from Xi 'an and Weishui River basins in China in the east, passes through Hexi Corridor, Amu Darya River and Syr Darya River in Xinjiang in the west, and reaches the eastern Mediterranean. The Silk Road has historically promoted friendly exchanges between European, Asian and African countries and China.

In modern times, the railway in Xinjiang, China has been in line with the railway in Kazakhstan, thus forming the second continental bridge between Asia and Europe, a railway line from Li Anyun Port in China, Jiangsu and west across Central Asia to western Europe.

(2) Central Asia is an important cotton producing area in the world: Uzbekistan is known as the "Platinum Country". (cotton)

Central Asia's main export materials: wheat, cotton, livestock products (fine wool sheep, lamb skin)

6. Analyze the strategic position of West Asia in the world (three continents and five seas, but rich in resources).

(1) Be familiar with the map of West Asia and master the major oil-producing countries, Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, etc.

(2) The reasons why West Asia has become a strategic location:

1. Being located in five seas and three continents, the geographical position is very important. (Turkish Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, Suez Canal)

B, it is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest output and the largest export volume in the world.

Reserves account for more than half of the world, production accounts for global 1/3, and exports account for 60% of the world. West Asia oil is mainly exported to Japan, the United States and Western Europe.

(3) Agricultural development in West Asia is inseparable from irrigation. (irrigated agriculture)

Three. Africa

1. Familiar with a group of place names: Sihe, Desert, Gulf of Guinea, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Cape Town, etc.

2. Genesis of the Rift Valley in East Africa

Genesis: It belongs to graben structure and is caused by plate stretching. (or large faults formed by geological processes)

3. Climate characteristics in Africa:

A "tropical continent"-more than 3/4 of the area lies between the Tropic of Cancer; The average annual temperature in most areas is above 200 degrees Celsius.

B, "arid continent"-arid and semi-arid areas are vast.

C, the climate type is zonal distribution, roughly symmetrical with the equator.

* Analysis of the reasons for the north-south symmetry of climate types.

Look at the picture first and get familiar with the natural belt and the climate type with symmetry between north and south.

(1) The equator passes through the middle.

(2) The terrain is not undulating, and the coastline is relatively straight.

The East African Plateau near the equator has a tropical grassland climate because of its high terrain. Africa has the largest savanna in the world. )

4. Causes of food shortage in Africa, especially in East, Central and West Africa.

(1) Rapid population growth

The natural population growth rate ranks first among all continents in the world, about 28‰. (Europe 5‰, China 1 1.2‰)

During the ten years from 1978 to 1988, the population of Africa increased by 34%, while the grain increased by only 24%. Population growth exceeds grain growth.

(2) The production of agriculture and animal husbandry is backward and the output is very low.

Because: long-term colonial rule

Develop a single economy for a long time.

The primitive and backward farming methods have worsened the natural environment.

(3) National political instability affects the development of production. 5. "Rich continent"-the output of gold and diamonds ranks first in the world for a long time.

In particular, southern Africa is a rare mineral-rich area in the world, which mainly contains many rare metals such as gold, uranium and diamond river.

6. Egypt: (belonging to North Africa and White Africa)

(1) Familiar place names: Cairo, Nile (the longest in the world is 6600KM), Aswan Dam and Suez Canal.

(2) Rich in long-staple cotton.

Suitable conditions: A, fertile sandy soil

B, convenient irrigation conditions

C, sunny in summer and warm and frost-free in winter.

* Alexandria, the largest port in Egypt, is a famous cotton market.

③ Capital: Cairo, the largest city in Africa. There are world-famous pyramids and the Sphinx nearby.

7. South Africa:

(1) Cape Town Port: It has a Mediterranean climate.

(2) the country of gold, other major minerals are uranium and coal.

Fourth, Europe.

1, the peninsula, island and bay with the most tortuous coastline. (Place name: Four peninsulas, Great Britain Island, Ireland Island,

Iceland, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, English Channel. )

The European continent is deeply influenced by the ocean. Compared with Asia at the same latitude, the winter is milder, the summer is cooler, the annual temperature difference is smaller and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform.

:: Norwegian fjords-glacier erosion.

2, the sixth district (6.5438+million square kilometers); The lowest terrain (mainly plain terrain).

3. It has the most typical temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate in the world.

(1) Analyze the typical causes of temperate maritime climate? (mainly distributed in western Europe)

Most of Europe is located in the prevailing westerly belt (review the knowledge about pressure belt and wind belt)

B There is a strong North Atlantic warm current in the western coastal waters, which flows directly to the West Barents Sea in the Arctic Ocean. The west wind blows over the warm current, bringing warm and humid air into the interior of the European continent, which is mild and rainy.

C. The European coast is tortuous, and the mountains mostly extend in the east-west direction, which is conducive to the deepening of the influence of the west wind and the ocean.

(2) maritime climate characteristics:

It is mild in winter and cool in summer. It is rainy all year round, with more autumn and winter, more rainy days and less sunshine.

Lack of sunlight is not conducive to the growth of crops. But it is beneficial to the growth of juicy grass.

(3) Analyze the causes of Mediterranean climate? (mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region of southern Europe)

Winter is controlled by the westerly belt-mild and rainy (review the movement law of pressure belt and wind belt).

Summer is controlled by subtropical high, which is hot and dry.

Vegetation is subtropical evergreen hardwood forest. Rich in olives, lemons, figs, oranges and so on.

4. Familiar with major European countries.

When looking at the picture, pay attention to the relationship between the river and the country it flows through, the river and the city it flows through, and the river and the industrial zone it flows through. Famous rivers-Rhine, Danube, Seine and Thames. )

5. Introduction to the EU

Formerly known as the European economic entity (the European market), it is a European international economic organization established in 1957, and its member countries include Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy and the United Kingdom. In February, EU countries signed the EU Treaty in Maastricht, the Netherlands. The treaty came into force in June 1993 1 1, and the former European body was renamed the European Union. Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU. The status and role of the EU in the world is increasing day by day, and it has become an important economic force in the world.

6. Germany

1. Familiar with the geographical location of Germany; Germany 1990 10 unified, full name of the Federal Republic of Germany, capital Berlin.

2. Analyze the favorable conditions for industrial development in Ruhr, Germany.

Germany is the strongest country in Europe; The trade volume is comparable to that of the United States.

Ruhr is a famous industrial zone in Europe and even the world.

Advantages:

1. Rich coal resources (lignite production ranks first in the world)

B, located in the railway transportation hub of East and West Europe, South Europe and Northern Europe, with the Rhine River running through the whole territory and abundant water resources.

Foot, convenient transportation.

C, strong scientific and technological strength.

The industrial sector is famous for its coal, steel and chemical industries.

Germany's emerging industries are developing southward. Such as Munich-aerospace, aircraft and electronics industries.

7. Britain and France:

1. The relative geographical position of Britain and France: English Channel.

2. Compare the main natural features of Britain and France.

Britain and France

The capital (the river that flows through) London (Thames) Paris (Seine)

The largest seaport, Marseille, London (Mediterranean coast)

Major industrial zones and industrial centers: central England, Scotland (electronics), London (old and new industrial centers), Birmingham (steel), Manchester (textiles), Aberdeen (petroleum), Paris Basin (the largest comprehensive industrial zone), Dunkirk and Foces (steel).

Its economic status in Europe is the largest oil exporter in Europe; Maritime transportation is developed.

Industry has an absolute advantage; Agricultural output value and grain output are second only to Russia, and it is the largest grain exporter in Europe. (export wheat)

Main professional wines (champagne, brandy

8. Russia

(1) Know its neighbors; Master the location of Moscow and Murmansk (ice-free ports in winter, affected by warm currents).

Neighboring countries: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea.

(2) Important geographical features:

It has the largest coniferous forest belt in the sub-cold zone in the world.

B: It has the Volga River, the longest river in Europe.

C Murmansk is near the Arctic Ocean, located in the northern part of the Arctic Circle, and it is not frozen all year round.

Siberia is the cold center of the northern hemisphere.

E. Industries with heavy industry as the main industry (nuclear industry and aerospace industry have absolute advantages). Light industry is underdeveloped. Agriculture is unstable and food needs to be imported in large quantities.

F Main industrial zones: Moscow comprehensive industrial zone, St. Petersburg (Baltic coast), Ural industrial zone (steel, machinery) and Novosibirsk industrial zone (heavy industry, military).

G. At present, industry and population are migrating to the east of Wula Mountain.

Example: 1999 Shanghai Geography College Entrance Examination: Fill in the similarities and differences between the Russian Northwest Industrial Zone and the China Pearl River Delta Industrial Base in terms of industrial sectors and industrial development conditions.

Industrial Zone (Industrial Base) China Pearl River Delta Industrial Base, Russian Northwest Industrial Zone.

Baltic coastal waters in the South China Sea

Major industrial centers are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen.

The main industrial sectors are machinery, chemistry, various light industries, various processing industries and manufacturing industries, mainly exporting.

* * * Similarity of characteristics and conditions of industrial development in the two places (AC).

A, belonging to processing industrial zone B, close to China's important non-ferrous metal ore concentration area.

C, the main industrial center is the national important seaport and foreign trade center D, and the prices of fuel and raw materials nearby are low.

E, focus on developing industries with high technical requirements.

(The Pearl River Delta is mainly a labor-intensive industry such as household appliances, clothing, food and toy manufacturing)

9. The relative position of Balkan countries.

The Balkans is known as the "European powder keg".

See appendix information:

Material 1: Kosovo is an autonomous province of Serbia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, bordering Albania and Macedonia in the south. It covers an area of 65,438+00,887 square kilometers, with the capital Pristina and a population of about 2 million, of which 90% are Albanians and less than 65,438+00% are Serbs and Montenegrins. Kosovo is mountainous and rich in mineral resources.

Kosovo was once the political center of the medieval Serbian kingdom and the cradle of Serbian history and culture. There are many Serbian churches and monasteries here. It was occupied by the Ottoman Turkish Empire for nearly 500 years, during which a large number of Serbs were forced to move out and Albanians took the opportunity to move in. 19 12 Kosovo was incorporated into the territory of Serbia and became the first part of the principality of Yugoslavia. After the end of World War II, Kosovo entered the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with Serbia, and became one of the two autonomous provinces in Yugoslavia with more autonomy rights in the 1960s, and its autonomy status was written into the Constitution of 1974. However, the violent activities of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo province seeking independence and trying to establish "Greater Albania" have never stopped. Throughout the11980s and the1early 1990s, the situation in Kosovo has been turbulent. During the period of 1989, the Serbian authorities cancelled Kosovo's status as an autonomous province by amending the Constitution, which made the Albanians in Kosovo greatly dissatisfied and further intensified ethnic conflicts. 1992, during the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, Albanians declared the establishment of the "Republic of Kosovo", but the "new country" was not recognized by the international community except Albania. Some Albanian separatists also formed the Kosovo Liberation Army in an attempt to achieve independence through violent activities.

Material 2: Map of Balkan countries.

Material 3: The Kosovo war has seriously deteriorated the relationship between the West and Russia led by the United States. The Balkans is the main base of Russia's southward strategy, and Russia and South Africa are historical allies. NATO's attack on Yugoslavia means interrupting Russia's strategic fulcrum in the Balkans. After the Kosovo war, Russia decided to revise its military theory and was ready to reconsider its disarmament plan. Secondly, the Kosovo war has alerted Europe. Former French Defense Minister Mignon published an article on April 9, saying: "The war against Serbian nationalism launched by NATO in the spring of 1999 may be a starting point for Europe's awakening. It made Europe realize that if it wants to maintain its political presence on the international stage, especially on its own continent, it must have its own defense." After the Kosovo war, more and more European countries expressed dissatisfaction with the hegemonic style of the United States in NATO affairs. Although the United States has been worried that the development of European defense features may shake its dominant position in European security, it even warned that the day when European defense features are truly formed is the time when NATO exists in name only. However, since the second half of this year, the EU has accelerated the pace of national defense construction. Third, the Kosovo war also taught developing countries from the opposite side. The vast number of developing countries, including India, Indonesia and Algeria, have further realized that today's world is still a powerful one. In order to safeguard national independence and sovereignty, the nation must unite and the country must be strong.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) North America (natural geographical meaning)

1, familiar with four groups of place names:

(1) Oceans, bays, peninsulas, islands (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Peninsula, alaska peninsula, Florida Peninsula, Newfoundland Island. )

(2) Main terrain areas (Rocky Mountains, Coastal Mountains, Great Plains and Appalachian Mountains) 3) Rivers and lakes (Mississippi River, Colorado River, Great Lakes (Mediterranean Sea in American continent) ice erosion, Niagara Falls).

(4) Famous cities (Washington, new york, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Houston, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Vancouver).

2. Three topographical regions in North America:

(1) Analyze the influence of three terrain areas on climate.

A. The Cordillera Mountains in the west: (It is an important climate dividing line of the North American continent. )

It makes it difficult for the influence of the Pacific Ocean and the westerlies to penetrate inland. The source of precipitation in North America mainly comes from the Atlantic Ocean. )

The temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate in the west of the mountain range extend north and south.

B, the vast plain in the middle: (called prairie in the west)

In winter, the cold wave in the north can go south unimpeded. In summer, the warm and humid climate in the south can drive north.

It is hot in summer and cold in winter in a large area, and the temperature is high all year round. The mainland has remarkable characteristics.

C, the eastern low mountain plateau:

Because of the low terrain, the dry and cold airflow from the north has been affecting the east coast.

In summer and autumn, hurricanes often hit the southeast.

3. United States:

(1) The United States is the country with the largest oil production and import in the world.

A. Industry and agriculture are highly developed, with large output and consumption.

The United States is the country that imports the most cars, steel, oil and textiles in the world. American agriculture belongs to "petroleum agriculture" and consumes a lot of energy.

B. Large population, high consumption and high waste.

(2) The three major industrial zones in the United States:

* analyze the reasons for the high development of industrial areas in the northeast of the United States?

A. Northeast China is the earliest place where European immigrants moved in, and capitalism developed earliest.

B. rich in mineral resources. For example, coal in the Appalachian Mountains in the north and iron ore in the Great Lakes in the west.

C. There are many good ports along the Atlantic coast. Such as new york and Philadelphia.

D. the great lakes have convenient water transportation. (Ensure efficient transportation links between iron ore and coal and major cities)

E plain is fertile, close to corn belt, wheat area and dairy belt, and has a good agricultural foundation.

F. there is a huge market. (Dense population, high living standard and huge market potential. The developed industry, agriculture, mining and transportation are huge consumer markets for heavy industry products. )

G. Northeast China is a place where a large number of American technicians and scientific and technological personnel gather.

Major industrial cities in Northeast China:

New york is the largest industrial center, port and financial center in the United States.

Chicago, the second largest industrial center in the United States, is famous for its machinery manufacturing industry. It is also the largest transportation hub in China.

Detroit, one of the four automobile cities.

Pittsburgh-the famous "steel capital".

Boston and Philadelphia are important industrial centers.

* * Summary: Analysis law of industrial development in a region.

A. historical basis; B. mineral resources; C. transportation; D. agricultural foundation; E. consumer market; F. scientific and technological strength; G. Labor force. Using the above analysis rules, learn to analyze the industrial development of Japan, Germany and Britain. ) * Analyze the reasons for industrial development in the western and southern parts of the United States?

The western and southern industrial zones are emerging industrial zones, and the industrial development speed greatly exceeds that of the northeast industrial zone.

A. Northeast industrial zone has reached saturation, and environmental problems have emerged.

B. the west and south are rich in oil resources. Such as the south coast of the Gulf of Mexico and western California.

C. The western and southern regions have beautiful environment and developed tourism, belonging to the "sunshine zone".

D. old and emerging industries such as petroleum, aerospace, electronics and aircraft.

Houston-petrochemical and aviation industries. It is the largest petrochemical center and the largest aerospace research and development center.

San Francisco-There is a world-famous electronic industry center "Silicon Valley" nearby.

Los Angeles-the largest city, industrial center and seaport in the western United States. There is a Hollywood film center in the northwest suburb.

Seattle-Aircraft Manufacturing Industry

* Analyze the reasons for the rapid development of Silicon Valley in the United States?

The "Silicon Valley" in the United States is a pioneer and model for the development of high-tech industries. "Silicon Valley" is the center of electronics industry in the United States and even the world, which is dominated by microelectronics industry and has concentrated thousands of electronic industry enterprises. Microelectronics industry is the technical foundation of electronic industry, so it has become the highest technology in high technology. Every important invention of "Silicon Valley" will affect the development of electronic industry all over the world. Since the 1960s, almost all the new products, technologies, equipment and processes in the world electronics industry have come from "Silicon Valley". By the end of 1970s, because the land of "Silicon Valley" was occupied, many enterprises built new factories in Texas and other states in China, as well as in Southeast Asia and Mexico, in order to make full use of the advantages of cheap labor, land and housing in these areas.

"Silicon Valley" is now the fastest growing and richest region in the United States.

The factors that stimulate the rapid rise of Silicon Valley mainly include the following aspects:

A. Excellent geographical location and beautiful environment. ("Silicon Valley" is located in the southeast of San Francisco, backed by coastal mountains and facing Jinshan Bay. )

B, the climate is pleasant.

C. institutions of higher learning with advanced intelligence and technology. (Stanford University, etc. )

D convenient transportation, close to San Francisco airport, and the expressway runs through the whole territory.

E. stable military purchases. (The U.S. Department of Defense has maintained a steady order for semiconductor components in Silicon Valley, which once accounted for 40% of the total output value of Silicon Valley. )

(3) Analyze the characteristics of American agricultural production:

1. The level of agricultural modernization is high, and mechanization, electrification and chemistry have been realized in the whole process of agricultural production. )

It is the largest and most productive agricultural country in the world.

B, pay equal attention to planting and animal husbandry. The main food crops are corn, wheat, rice and oats. The main cash crops are cotton (China, the United States and Central Asia are the three major cotton producers in the world), soybeans, sugar beets and tobacco. And animal husbandry is very developed, mainly cattle, pigs and chickens. )

C is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world. (But imported tropical agricultural products)

D. regional specialization in agricultural production.

* Regional specialization-refers to the social division of labor in agricultural production by region, that is, each region forms a relatively concentrated specific agricultural sector according to local natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, market demand and historical position, and invests a large number of commercial agricultural products in the inter-regional exchange of agricultural products.

* The advantages of regional specialized production are: a. Give full play to the advantages of regional environment and resources. Make full use of advanced technology to improve production efficiency. Defect: It aggravates the imbalance of agricultural production.

* Major specialized agricultural areas and agricultural belts: (refer to the map)

Cotton belt: located in the southeast of the United States south of 350 degrees north latitude. Texas has the largest cotton field and the largest cotton production in the United States.

More States.

Corn belt: located in the vast low plain area in the south of dairy industry belt. It is also a soybean producing area and an important beef cattle and pig in the United States.

Feeding area.

Dairy belt: located in the northeast area south of the Great Lakes. There is not enough heat here and the soil is not fertile, which is not suitable for developing planting. )

Wheat area: located in the middle (winter wheat area) and north (spring wheat area) of the Great Plain.

Mixed agricultural area:

Subtropical crop belt: Citrus, sugarcane and rice are mainly planted.

Agricultural areas irrigated by animal husbandry:

4. Be familiar with the location of Central America and the West Indies.

Understand the names of the seven countries of China and the United States;

The largest of the West Indies is Cuba Island (sugar cane).

The intransitive verb South America. See AMERICA

1. Familiar with place names:

(1) Oceans, straits and islands: Caribbean Sea, strait of magellan, Drake Strait and Tierra del Fuego.

(2) Rivers: Amazon River (king of rivers in the world) and Lake Maracaibo (oil-producing area).

(3) Main terrain area: K-shaped.

Andes (the longest in the world), Brazil Plateau (the largest in the world), Patagonia Plateau, Amazon Plain (the largest alluvial plain in the world), La Plata Plain and pampas Grassland.

* At the junction of Brazil Plateau and La Plata Plain, there are many rapids waterfalls, such as the famous Iguazu Waterfall. Brazil and Paraguay cooperated to build the world's largest Itaipu hydropower station in the north of Iguazu Falls.

(4) Main climate types: tropical rain forest climate (Amazon Plain), tropical grassland climate (Brazil Plateau), subtropical monsoon humid climate (southeast Brazil Plateau and eastern pampas Grassland) and temperate continental climate (Patagonia Plateau).

2. The impact of the Andes on the climate in South America.

(1) makes it difficult for water vapor from the Pacific Ocean to affect the east. For example, the west side of the southern section has a temperate maritime climate, and the east side of the mountain range has a temperate continental climate. It destroys the zonal distribution law of longitude.

(2) The climate type on the west side of the mountain range is long and narrow, alternating with north and south. (The law is similar to the west coast of North America)

3. Brazil

(1) Grasp the outline of Brazil and the relative position of Argentina.

(2) Main products:

Minerals: The reserves of iron and manganese are among the highest in the world.

Agricultural products: coffee production and export volume rank first in the world. Banana and sucrose production ranked first.

* Brazil is the second largest exporter of agricultural products (mainly tropical cash crops) in the world after the United States. But food is not completely self-sufficient.

(3) Capital: Brasilia (political function), S? o Paulo (the largest in South America) and Rio de Janeiro (the former capital of Brazil).