The merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang, please help us a lot.

I. Title: Merits and Disadvantages of Qin Shihuang

Two. Authors: Chen Xiangnian and Chen Zilin. One year 15 classes

Qin Dynasty was the first unified empire in the history of China, and the achievements and actions of Qin Shihuang also left a far-reaching impact on later generations.

Fourth, the text:

◎ The life of Qin Shihuang

Since ancient times, the life and death of Qin Shihuang have been puzzled and deeply discussed by later generations. Qin Shihuang is the son of Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang. When King Xiang of Qin went to Zhao, he saw a little wife, married her because he loved her, and gave birth to Qin Shihuang. Qin was born in Handan in the first month of forty-eight years. His name was Zheng and his surname was Zhao. Historical records simply explain the life and death of Qin Shihuang, which makes future generations full of doubts and guesses. There is a saying that Lv Buwei married Evonne, a stunning beauty in Handan, in order to control the winning stranger. When pregnant, Lv Buwei invited the winning stranger to a family dinner, and deliberately introduced Evonne to the winning stranger. When the winning stranger saw Evonne's ecstasy, he invited Lv Buwei to give Evonne to himself. Evonne was pregnant for one year and gave birth to a son named Qin Shihuang. As for Zhao Ji's later promiscuous life, people can't help but deeply suspect that Qin Shihuang's father was not only Lv Buwei, but also King Zhuang Xiang.

◎ Qin Shihuang's character

Qin Shihuang was cruel, dictatorial and ambitious. In fact, this is just one of the characteristics of his personality. And his character has a considerable relationship with his early absence from office. In fact, it is not known whether he is Zi Chu's own son, which makes him and Zhao Jimeng suffer great shame. When he was young, he lacked father's love and had no real power when he ascended the throne, which led to his cold and harsh personality, which led to his becoming a dictator and the killing of all those who had enemies with Evonne in the future. Liao Wei said, "The king of Qin lacks kindness, but he has a heart of a tiger and a wolf. You can be polite to your servant when you are poor, and you can eat people easily when you are successful, so you can't keep in touch with him for a long time. Qin Shihuang was diligent in political affairs, which created a political situation that his five emperors, Huang San, failed to achieve, and showed his positive attitude towards governing the country. But because he was too impatient, he built many buildings and fought everywhere in just ten years. Qin Shihuang was in power for twelve years, and his cruelty in power was unbearable for the people.

◎ Achievements of Qin Shihuang

I. Politics

1. Improve the dignity of the emperor: Ying Zheng thought that he had gained merits and demerits from "Huang San" and "Five Emperors", so he adopted the honorific title of the ancient * * * Lord and merged it into "Emperor" as the exclusive title of the emperor. From then on, the monarch in the history of China was called "Emperor" and the winner was called Qin Shihuang. In addition, a series of special names are used to express the supreme authority of the supreme ruler of the country. For example, the emperor calls himself "I", his orders are called "Zhi" or "Zhao", and his seal is called "Xi".

2. Strict centralization: the prime minister and others are responsible to the emperor respectively, and everything is subject to the emperor. In addition, the Shi Qing Shilu system was abolished, and officials from the central government to local governments were appointed and removed by the emperor, and they had no inheritance rights.

3. Enforcement of severe punishments: On the basis of the original laws of Qin State, the Qin Dynasty revised a set of severe punishments and promulgated them throughout the country.

Second, the military.

1. Building the Great Wall: Qin Shihuang connected the Great Wall built by Beiyan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period. "Building the Great Wall, because of the terrain, stretches from Lintao to Liaodong, stretching to Vandory."

Third, the economy

1. unified currency: it is forbidden to use the respective currencies of six countries, such as tortoise, shellfish and jade. It is stipulated that gold and copper are used uniformly throughout the country, with gold as the upper currency and copper as the lower currency.

2. Unified measurement: the length, size and weight of national struggle are calculated based on the degree, quantity and weights of Shang Yang and Qin State.

3. Private land: Since Shang Yang abandoned the mine and started construction, Qin gradually allowed private land to be traded freely. After the reunification of the whole country, Qin paid more attention to agricultural production, allowing people who occupied land to declare the number of fields they occupied and pay taxes, and formally recognized the legitimacy of private ownership of land.

Fourth, traffic.

1. Construction of Chidao: On the basis of the original six-country chariots and horses lanes, Qin built a wide and unified Chidao with Xianyang as the center.

2. Communication Waterway: As a waterway hub, the dredging gorge in Qin Dynasty was built in 2 14 BC, with a length of more than 60 miles, connecting Hunan and Lishui.

Verb (short for verb) culture

1. Unified writing: During the Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to simplify the original big seal script of Qin State into small seal script, which became popular all over the country. Later, seal script was simplified to official script, which was also popular in the whole country in the Qin Dynasty.

2. Control ideology: In order to prevent people from rebelling, Qin Shihuang also exercised strict ideological control, such as banning books, collecting books and burning them, and killing more than 400 Confucian scholars who criticized state affairs, which is known as "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history.

Sixth, external.

After Qin Shihuang annexed the six countries and unified the world, he resumed the Northern Expedition to Xiongnu and Nanping Baiyue, which made China's territory big, starting from Dragon Tree in the west, east to Liaodong, north to the desert and south to the South China Sea, and formed the foundation of China's territory later.

1. Northern Expedition of Huns: Since the end of the Warring States Period, Huns have frequently invaded the south, threatening the lives and property of the people of Yan, Zhao and Qin. In 2 15 BC, it was built on the basis of the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, and became a so-called "Great Wall of Wan Li" with a length of more than 5,000 miles. It is one of the greatest architectural projects in ancient China and even in the world.

2. Running for Baiyue: Baiyue is the floorboard of the ancient southern Yue nationality in China. Before the reunification of the country, Qin had gradually conquered Ouyue and other places.

◎ The tyranny of Qin Shihuang

1. Impose heavy taxes: In order to maintain the huge military expenditure and engineering construction and satisfy the extravagant life, the first emperor did not hesitate to levy heavy taxes on the people, and there was a serious situation in the whole country that "it is difficult for men to plow the fields, but women are short of wages and weaving, and the wealth of the world is exhausted", so that the people were in dire straits and ate dogs.

2. Overjoyed, abusing people's power: Qin Shihuang was eager for quick success and instant benefit, and had no sympathy for people's feelings. He built Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li near the capital for his own luxury, consuming more than 700,000 civilian workers. It is estimated that at that time, the number of people performing military service far exceeded 2 million, accounting for more than one third of men in their prime. Such heavy taxes and heavy labor are really unbearable for the people.

3. Heavy punishment and heavy law, boiling public resentment: Since Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty, laws and regulations have been very strict. One person has been punished to death for three families, one family has sat next door, and the people are often subjected to hard labor or torture.

4. Restrain thoughts, burn books and bury Confucianism: Qin Shihuang also imposed harsh laws on the ideological field, wantonly controlling thoughts and imprisoning freedom of thought.

Conclusion: Qin Shihuang made great contributions in politics, military and culture, but his brutal personality made the people miserable. Perhaps this is a major factor in the demise of the Qin Dynasty!

References:

http://lib . tngs . TN . edu . tw/fish/camp/class/89/890 1 15/890 1 15-0 1s/26 . htm

Responder: I love pig-apprentice magician level 211-2211:07.

He unified China and made outstanding contributions in politics, culture, economy and military affairs!

Interviewee: Humorous Life-Probation Level 111-2213: 40.

Although he is a tyrant, the achievements of unifying the six countries, unifying the currency, unified measurement and building the Great Wall of Wan Li cannot be lost! ! ! ! ! ! Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, ending the long-term war-torn situation in China, and initially instilled the idea of "great unification" into the Chinese people, which laid the foundation for China's reunification war in the future. Li Bai's "The King of Qin swept the Liuhe River and looked at what it was like" summarized his great achievements.

Qin Shihuang, named Ying Zheng, was the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He later destroyed six countries and unified China. For two thousand years, the evaluation of him has been controversial, so what kind of person is Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang made great efforts to govern and adopted the strategic policy of "making friends far away and attacking near". It took him ten years to destroy the six countries and unify China. After Qin Shihuang pacified the world by force, he carried out a series of reform measures, which played a great role in the unification and development of China's politics, economy and culture.

First of all, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.

Then, economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. Unify the national monetary system. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, and the Chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang were built. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.

In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. And using the theory that the five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period began at the end, Qin gained water virtue, the water color was black, and the final number was six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six kinds of symbols, crowns and riding systems. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, Qin Shihuang severely punished the law, which caused dissatisfaction among scholars and accused Qin Shihuang in succession. Reese, who has been promoted to prime minister, advocates severely suppressing these audacious scholars. He wrote a letter to Qin Shihuang, demanding that the book be burned. That is, all the history books except Ji Qin have been burned, and the classics collected by the people and scholars all over the country and the classics of a hundred schools of thought have also been burned by the government. Anyone who dares to disobey orders and discuss affairs will be put to death. If the official deliberately conceals it, he will be punished by the bookkeeper. Except for a few history books, only books about agriculture, divination and medicine were left. This is a cleansing of China culture, and China culture, like the law, embodies the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Burning books just can't stop scholars' mouths, but it arouses greater resistance. People and scholars are extremely disgusted with Qin Shihuang's tyranny, and the remarks against him are all over the world. This made Qin Shihuang fly into a rage and sent the empire to trace it all over the country, and finally arrested more than 460 people. Qin Shihuang ordered a piece to be taken to Lishan Valley and buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations. Burning books and burying Confucianism is a big stain that Qin Shihuang can't erase, which greatly offsets his historical achievements in unifying the country.

After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he sent Meng Tian to crusade against the Huns, and linked the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east. After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai were established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong".

After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, made five large-scale cruises and carved stones in famous mountain resorts to show off his prestige. In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.

For more than 2,000 years, Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by most people, and people criticized him for burning books and burying Confucianism, repairing the Great Wall, building palaces extensively and building great buildings. However, some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" and affirmed his contribution to reunification, unified measurement and the territory of China. So, was Qin Shihuang a tyrant or an emperor? This is actually your evaluation of him. Different angles have different evaluations, so there are two different Qin Shihuang. In fact, when we evaluate a person, we should affirm that the character of "person" is three-dimensional, that is to say, the character is multifaceted, so we can't draw conclusions unilaterally, and the same is true for evaluating Qin Shihuang. We often say that Emperor Qin built the Great Wall and palaces, wasting people and money. However, in that era of Qin Dynasty, the building technology was not developed. You don't have to use a lot of people's strength, but you should also build a military defense line like the Great Wall, okay? Although it brought pain to the people, it built a solid defense line for the Qin Dynasty to resist the invasion of Xiongnu, and also provided a foundation for future generations. Can't this be called meritorious service? Qin Shihuang's other actions, such as merging the world, claiming the title of emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving to enrich the people, overcoming difficulties, conquering Baiyue, driving away Huns, dredging ditches, sharing the same track with cars, adopting laws, etc., have great influence on the great unity of the country, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. However, Qin Shihuang's autocracy, exorbitant taxes and harsh punishments not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty after the reunification of China 15, but also led to the autocratic monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We should not just defend Qin Shihuang, a tyrant. It can be seen that Qin Shihuang, on the one hand, was the "one emperor through the ages" who created a unified situation, and on the other hand, he was an autocratic tyrant, which just confirmed the fact that human nature was three-dimensional. Therefore, judging a historical figure is not one-sided, and it is necessary to discuss it from multiple angles in order to return the true colors of historical figures! ! !