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Apple 1. Name

1.1 Chinese name

1.2. Foreign language name

1.3. Related proverbs

2. General introduction

2.1. Cultivation history

2.2. Nutritional value

2.3. Therapeutic value

2.4. Life related: selection and storage

2.5. Other related

3. Introduction to cultivation

Botanical classification

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3.1. Cultivation history

3.2. Cultivation status

3.3. Biological characteristics

3.4. Pest and disease control

3.5. Main varieties

Movie related (domestic) 1. Plot introduction

2. Related comments

3. Wonderful comments

4 .Behind the scenes production

5. Winning awards

Movie related (foreign) 1. Plot introduction

2. Cast and credits

3 .Production and distribution

4. Release and distribution

5. Behind the scenes

Korean movie

Apple Computer Company Apple’s new products:

Apple 1. Name

1.1 Chinese name

1.2. Foreign language name

1.3. Related proverbs

2. General introduction

2.1. Cultivation history

2.2. Nutritional value

2.3. Therapeutic value

2.4. Life related: selection and storage

2.5. Other related

3. Introduction to cultivation

Botanical classification

3.1. History of cultivation

3.2.Cultivation status

3.3. Biological characteristics

3.4. Pest and disease control

3.5. Main varieties

Movie related (domestic ) 1. Plot introduction

2. Related comments

3. Wonderful comments

4. Behind the scenes production

5. Winning awards

Movie related (overseas) 1. Plot synopsis

2. Cast and credits

3. Production and distribution

4. Release and distribution

5. Behind the Scenes

Korean Movies

Apple Computer Company’s new Apple products:

[Edit this paragraph] Apple

Mosaic leaves

1. Name

1.1 Chinese name

Word apple

Pinyin píngguǒ

Explanation a. It is a deciduous tree with oval leaves, serrated leaves, white and reddish flowers, round fruits, sweet taste, and is an ordinary fruit.

b. The fruit of this plant.

1.2. Foreign language name

English name: apple English plural: apples

Japanese name: リンゴ（ri n go)

Branch Korean name of Waguo: ? (sa/gua)

1.3. Related proverbs

[10] An apple a day keeps the doctor away. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

The rotten apple injures its neighbours. A bad friend can influence a group of good people.

When the apple is ripe, it will fall. The apple will naturally fall when it is ripe.

2. General introduction

2.1. Cultivation history

Apple is native to Europe, Central Asia and western Xinjiang, my country, and has a cultivation history of 5,000 years. The above has existed for a dynasty. The Central Asian wild apple is considered one of the birthplaces of modern cultivated apples and is the original species of cultivated apples in Europe and the United States. European apple cultivation originated in Greece. With the discovery of the New World 300 years ago, apples were introduced from Europe to the Americas. Japan introduced cultivation from Europe and the United States during the Meiji Restoration era. Modern cultivated apples even spread to Asia. Since then, cultivation has also been introduced in Australia and Africa. .

The cotton apple native to my country has been recorded in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and has been cultivated in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Jia Sixie's "Essential Art of Qi Min" has a detailed explanation of Nai and Lin Yu. Nai is the current apple, including benzine. Ringo means sand fruit, so apples have been cultivated in my country for more than 2,000 years. Cotton apples are still distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Qinghai in my country, and the Hexi Corridor is its central production area. Currently, most of the varieties cultivated for economic purposes are imported from abroad and are called Western apples, with a cultivation history of less than 200 years.

2.2. Nutritional value

Apple, also known as Taopo in ancient times, is sweet and sour, rich in nutrients, and is one of the fruits suitable for all ages [2]. Its nutritional value and medical value are very high, and it is called "the doctor's first medicine" by more and more people. Many Americans regard apples as a must-have for losing weight. They go on a diet one day a week and eat apples on this day, which is known as "Apple Day".

◇Efficacy

The vitamin C in apples is the protector of cardiovascular and a healthy element for patients with heart disease.

People who eat more apples are far less likely to catch a cold than people who don’t eat or eat less apples. Therefore, some scientists and doctors call apples an "all-around healthy fruit" or a "general practitioner." Nowadays, air pollution is serious. Eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, and protect the lungs from dust and smoke in the air.

The colloid and vector element chromium in apples can keep blood sugar stable, so apples are not only a healthy snack for diabetics, but also an essential fruit for anyone who wants to control blood sugar. And it is also effective in lowering cholesterol.

Apples can also prevent cancer and lead poisoning.

Chinese medicine believes that apples have the effects of producing fluids and quenching thirst, moistening the lungs and removing troubles, strengthening the spleen and stomach, nourishing the heart and qi, moistening the intestines, stopping diarrhea, relieving summer heat, and sobering up alcohol.

Nowadays, the pace of urban life is very tense, and professional people are under great pressure. Many people have varying degrees of tension and depression. If you pick up an apple and smell it, the bad mood will be relieved. It also has the effect of refreshing the mind.

Expectant mothers eating an apple every day can reduce pregnancy reactions.

Eating apples can not only lose weight, but also help digestion. Apples contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, sugars, fats, etc., which are necessary nutrients for the brain. The fiber in apples is beneficial to the growth and development of children and can promote growth and development. The zinc in apples is beneficial to children's memory and can enhance children's memory. However, the acid in apples can corrode teeth, so it is best to rinse your mouth after eating apples.

◇Applicable people

Very suitable for infants, young children, the elderly and patients.

◇Applicable dosage

Eating 1-2 apples a day is enough to achieve the above effects.

Men should eat more apples than women because apples can lower cholesterol.

Apples are very nutritious. Chew apples carefully and slowly when eating them. This is not only beneficial to digestion, but more importantly, it is beneficial to reducing human diseases.

Do not eat fruit after meals to avoid affecting normal eating and digestion.

Apples are rich in sugar and potassium salts, so people with nephritis and diabetes should not eat more.

◇Main nutrients [3]

(Contained per 100 grams)

Ingredient name content Ingredient name content Ingredient name content

Edible part 86 Moisture (g) 85.8 Energy (kcal) 50

Energy (kJ) 209 Protein (g) 0.2 Fat (g) 0.2

Carbohydrates (g) 13.6 Dietary fiber (g) 1.7 Cholesterol (mg) 0

Ash (g) 0.2 Vitamin A (mg) 8 Carotene (mg) 50

Retinol (mg) 0 Thiamine (microgram) 0 Riboflavin (mg) 0.01

Niacin (mg) 0.2 Vitamin C (mg) 1 Vitamin E (T) (mg) 0

a-E 0 (β-γ)-E 0 δ-E 0

Calcium (mg) 4 Phosphorus (mg) 0 Potassium (mg) 70

Sodium (mg) 0.6 Magnesium ( mg) 0 Iron (mg) 0.6

Zinc (mg) 0 Selenium (μg) 0.03 Copper (mg) 0

Manganese (mg) 0 Iodine (mg) 0

2.3. Therapeutic value

2.3.1. Efficacy

There are many varieties of apples, such as Guoguang, Green Banana, Yellow Banana, Hongxing, Zhuguang, Shengli, etc., which are all famous . It is cultivated in Northeast my country, North China, East China, Northwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places. Harvest the fruits when they are ripe in summer and autumn, wash them and use them fresh, or slice them and dry them in the sun.

Properties: sweet, slightly sour, cool in nature, returns to the spleen and lung meridian, has the effects of producing body fluids and quenching thirst, clearing heat and relieving irritability, moistening the lungs and appetizing, nourishing the spleen and stopping diarrhea;

It is mainly used to treat insufficient Qi, indigestion, blocked Qi, mild diarrhea, constipation, dysphoria, heat and thirst, excessive drinking, high blood pressure, etc.

Contains sucrose, reducing sugar, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, alcohols, pectin, vitamin C, potassium, sodium and other ingredients.

Apple injection without pectin, injected intravenously into rabbits, can increase blood sugar, diuresis, adjust intestinal function (normalize over-excitability or inhibition), and mildly prevent bowel movement. Effect of oxycorticosterone on increasing blood pressure in rats.

Usage: Used for irritability, thirst, or excessive drinking; indigestion or insufficient spleen yin, and diarrhea after eating less.

Usage: Eat it raw, make juice, boil paste, or grind the dried product into powder and decoct it into soup.

2.3.2. Nutritional analysis:

1. The colloid and trace element chromium in apples can maintain the stability of blood sugar and effectively reduce cholesterol;

2. In an air-polluted environment, eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, and protect the lungs from pollution and smoke;

3. Polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples Natural chemical antioxidants can reduce the risk of lung cancer and prevent lead poisoning;

4. The unique fragrance of apples can relieve the negative emotions caused by excessive stress and has a refreshing effect;

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5. Apples are rich in crude fiber, which can promote gastrointestinal motility, help the body expel waste smoothly, and reduce the harm of harmful substances to the skin;

6. Apples contain a large amount of magnesium and sulfur , iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc and other trace elements can make the skin delicate, smooth, rosy and shiny.

2.3.3. Relevance group:

The general population can eat it

1. People with chronic gastritis, indigestion, qi stagnation, constipation, chronic It is especially suitable for patients with diarrhea, neurocolitis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity, cancer patients, anemia and vitamin deficiency.

Expectant mothers eating an apple every day can reduce pregnancy reactions;

2. People with coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, and diabetes should not eat more. Patients with myocardial infarction should not eat it. (Apples are rich in sugar and potassium salts)

3. Food conflicts: Apples should not be eaten together with aquatic products, which will cause constipation.

2.3.4. Attached Recipe

Yurong Dan:

1000g fresh apples, chopped and mashed, minced juice, boiled into a thick paste, add honey Mix properly. Take 1 spoonful each time with warm water. Derived from "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica". This product is good at benefiting the stomach and promoting fluid production. Used for insufficiency of stomach yin, dry throat and thirst.

Apple and yam powder:

50g of dried apples and 30g of yam. ***Grind into fine powder. 15g each time, add appropriate amount of sugar and drink with warm water.

This recipe combines apple and yam, which can benefit the spleen and stomach, aid digestion and stop diarrhea. It is used for people with indigestion, diarrhea after eating less, or those with chronic diarrhea and insufficient spleen yin.

Apple formula for treating diarrhea in children:

Wash several apples with boiling water, peel them, steam them over water, mash them into puree and set aside. How to take: 4 times a day, about 100 grams each time, about 50 grams each time for infants under one year old, 3 to 4 times a day. Do not eat other foods at this time. You can eat less apple puree after the symptoms improve. And add cow cheese appropriately. Efficacy: Benefit the spleen and stomach, thicken the intestines and stop diarrhea. Also suitable for frequent loose stools. Production instructions: Soak the peeled apples in cold water to prevent oxidation and make the apples crisp and sweet.

Apple Steamed Egg Diet Therapy Skillfully Cure Bronchial Asthma

Apple Steamed Egg Method

The method is: select an apple with a flatter bottom and use a knife to remove the fruit base. , take out the core and part of the pulp, and make it into an apple cup. Then take a fresh grass egg, break it into pieces, pour it into the apple cup, cover it with the fruit base, put it in a basket and steam it, and then steam it again after the water boils. 20 minutes is enough. Take out and eat while hot.

The old Chinese medicine doctor suggested that I take egg yolk rock sugar recipe for diet therapy. The method is to take 10 egg yolks and 100 grams of rock sugar, mix well, add 500 grams of rice wine, and leave it for 10 days. I took 25 grams each time, twice a day. After taking it for a while, my bronchial asthma symptoms disappeared.

From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, asthma is of course caused by the lungs, but the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine does not regard the lungs as an isolated organ. Its functions are related to the spleen and kidneys. First of all, the lungs belong to metal among the five elements, while the spleen belongs to earth and the kidneys belong to water. Their relationship is that earth can produce gold, and metal can produce water. That is to say, the spleen is the mother organ of the lungs, and the kidneys are the daughter organs of the lungs. Therefore, the treatment of lung diseases is sometimes achieved by adjusting the functions of the spleen and kidneys. In addition, the apple in this recipe is a sweet and flat product. Regular consumption can replenish the spleen and play a role in cultivating the soil and generating metal. I have heard that eggs are added to some folk prescriptions for treating asthma. Egg yolks enter the kidney meridian to replenish kidney qi, and can also achieve the effect of metal and water. Rock sugar is a good product for moisturizing the lungs. This may be the reason why this prescription has a certain effect on asthma. .

Apple green tea can create a slim beauty

Maybe you have tried the apple diet and green tea diet. Apples and green tea are obviously good weight loss foods, but why are they not effective? Obvious? Everyone, have you ever thought about mixing apples and green tea to lose weight? Haha, come and try it!

Method: Make juice from 1 apple and add 1 hour. A spoonful of green tea powder, drink it once in the morning and once in the evening, along with the apple pomace, to make you slim and beautiful.

Delicious apples have many benefits. They can help you lose weight, beautify your skin, and detoxify... They are really the first choice to help you lose weight in this season.

Cost: You only need to spend...about 1 yuan each time.

PS: Green tea powder can be purchased at tea houses, usually for 10 yuan for 20 small bags, which is equivalent to 5 cents per small bag. The amount of each small bag is about 3 or 4 spoons.

Expert interpretation:

Suitable for: People who cannot control their appetite and want to eat whatever they see.

Drinking Period: Before each meal, you can drink it every day.

Principle of weight loss:

Apples are rich in potassium, which can not only alleviate edema caused by excessive sodium intake, but also has a diuretic effect and can remove excess water from the body. .

PS: Apple juice with pomace is rich in pectin and fiber. The fiber of each apple (about 3 grams) is equivalent to half a pound of celery. They can help gastrointestinal digestion and Absorb to prevent constipation. Drinking a cup of green tea and apple juice before meals (the apple pomace cannot be filtered out) will make you feel full first, so that you will not eat too much.

Intimate suggestions:

However, nutritionists suggest that in order to multiply the weight loss effect of green tea apple juice, it is best to drink 1 cup 15-20 minutes before meals, etc. After the message of fullness is sent to the brain, you can then start eating. In this way, you can reduce the calorie intake by at least about 1/3 (about 240 calories) during the meal.

Eating apples can treat prostatitis

Patients with prostatitis [1] eat 3-5 apples a day, or regularly drink apple juice with a higher concentration, which can increase the zinc content in the prostate fluid Protein contains zinc, thus improving the antibacterial and bactericidal abilities of the prostate. To achieve the purpose of treating and preventing prostatitis!

Apple anti-diarrhea and constipation prescription

In autumn, diarrhea and constipation are both high-incidence diseases. These two diseases with completely opposite symptoms can use the same prescription: apples.

Apples are rich in tannic acid, pectin, dietary fiber and other special substances. Pectin can soften stool, and dietary fiber has a laxative effect. Therefore, eating raw apples can relieve constipation.

And if apples are used as soup ingredients, they can have astringent and antidiarrheal effects after heating. Because tannic acid and heated pectin have astringent effects, they can reduce the moisture in the stool, thereby achieving the purpose of stopping diarrhea. Therefore, if there are children with diarrhea at home, parents can wash the apples, boil them in boiling water with the skin for a few minutes, and use a spoon to scrape the puree for the children to eat. Or put the apples into water and boil them, and then drink the concentrated juice.

2.4. Life related: selection and storage

2.4.1 How to select apples:

Apples include: Red Fuji, Gala, Red General, Jonah Gold, Red Star, Qin Guan, Huang Yuanshuai, Yellow Banana and other varieties.

Red Fuji:

1. Check whether there are concentric circles on the apple handle. It is sweeter due to sufficient sunshine.

Ripe apples 2. Check whether there are stripes on the apple. The more the better

3 The redder and more colorful the apples are, the better.

Qin Guan Apple:

1. Pick a well-proportioned apple (preferably a medium-sized one)

2. Press the apple with your hand, and the apple will move when you press it. Sweet, if you can’t press it, it’s sour

3 The color should be uniform

Huang Yuanshuai apples:

1. Pick the yellow ones, the more pitted they are. The better

2 Weigh it with your hands, the lighter ones are softer and the heavier ones are crisper

Yellow banana apple:

1 The more pitted the better

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2 The color is green, slightly yellowish is better

2.4.2. Home apple storage

Common containers in the home include cylinders, cans, jars, and cartons , wooden boxes, these containers can be used to store apples. The jars, jars, and jars used must be washed and dried, and the inner walls of the jars, jars, and jars must be wiped with liquor. You can also put half a bottle of liquor in them (the amount can be determined according to the storage capacity), and the bottle mouth should be open. After harvesting, the apples are first spread out in a cool place for a few days, and then placed in layers in cylinders, cans or jars. After filling, spray on white wine. Depending on the storage capacity, spray 50-150 grams. Cover it with cotton wool and then cover it with a layer of plastic cloth to seal it to prevent the dispersion of alcohol. When eating apples, you can take and cover them. Generally, you can Store for more than half a year.

The box used to store apples should be clean and odorless. Put two layers of paper on the bottom and around the box. Each apple should also be wrapped in soft white paper and placed neatly in the box.

Round apples such as ruby, red star, and banana should be placed horizontally. It is better to place oblate and round apples such as Guoguang and India upright, so that the apples can withstand greater pressure. The box is best stored in an environment with a temperature of 0-2°C. It should be checked every other month and individual rotten fruits should be removed in time.

2.5. Other related

Places related to apples

When talking about apples, we have to mention Lingbao. Because of the high altitude in the territory, it is particularly suitable for apple growth. , the fruity taste is higher than other regions in the country in terms of acidity and sweetness. As one of the three treasures of Lingbao, with the strong support of government departments, it has gradually formed a good industrial chain of production, storage, processing and sales.

Tianshui Huaniu apple is the first apple variety in my country to obtain an official trademark in the international market. As early as more than 40 years ago, Tianshui "Huaniu" apples were as famous as American "Snake Fruit". In 2008, Tianshui City was listed by the Ministry of Agriculture as the second batch of advantageous apple producing areas in China. At present, the city's total apple area reaches 1.157 million acres, and the "Huaniu" area alone reaches 758,000 acres, with a total output value of 510 million yuan, making it the largest Marshal apple production base in the country.

Yantai apples are one of Shandong’s famous products. They are mainly produced in Qixia, Zhaoyuan, Haiyang, Mouping, Fushan and other cities (districts) within the jurisdiction of Yantai. Yantai apples are famous at home and abroad for their sweet flavor, crispness and juiciness, and have always been favored by domestic and foreign markets. As the birthplace of Yantai Apple, Yantai City has entered a new stage of rapid development. By 2000, the city's orchard area and apple production had increased 6-7 times compared with 1978. It is exported to more than a dozen countries and regions such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Russia, and is deeply loved by consumers all over the world.

my country’s apple advantageous areas

my country is the world’s largest apple producer and consumer. Both apple planting area and output account for more than 40% of the world’s total. In the world’s apple industry occupies an important position. There are four major apple producing areas in my country: the Loess Plateau, the Bohai Bay, the Old Yellow River and the cold and cool highlands in the southwest. According to climate and ecological suitability standards, the northwest Loess Plateau and the Bohai Bay are the most suitable apple production areas in my country. The apple cultivation areas in the two regions account for 44 and 34% of the country's total, their output accounts for 49 and 31% of the country's total, and their export volume accounts for more than 90% of the country's total. The Yellow River Old Course production area is a sub-suitable area for apple production. The cold and cool highland apple production scale in southwest China is small and the industrial foundation is poor, which cannot meet the requirements of advantageous areas for apple production.

3. Introduction to Cultivation

Botanical Classification

The botanical classification of apple is [9]:

Phylum: Angiosperms Phylum ANGIOSPERMAE

Class: DICOTYLEDONAE

Order: Rosales

Family: Rosaceae

Subfamily: Maloideae Weber

Genus: Malus

Group: True Apple Sect. Malus

Family: Ser. Pumilae

Species: Apple Malus pumila Mill.

Apple is the fruit of the malus plant in the Rosaceae family. There are about 25 species in this genus. The apple tree is the most widely cultivated fruit tree. Apple is a type of pome fruit, which develops from the ovary and the tissues surrounding the ovary. Most apple trees are cross-pollinated, and it is ideal for 2 to 4% of the flowers to bear fruit. Although the size, shape, color, and acidity of ripe apples vary widely depending on the variety and environmental conditions, they are generally round, 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, and reddish or yellowish.

There are thousands of apple varieties, divided into three categories: wine varieties, cooking varieties, and snack varieties. The three types of varieties are different in color, size, aroma, smoothness (and possibly crispness, flavor) and other characteristics. Many varieties have high sugar content, moderate acidity, and low tannin content.

In addition to being eaten raw, apples can also be cooked in many ways. They are often used as snack fillings. Apple-filled scones may be the earliest American sweet snack. Fried apples are often served with sausages, pork chops and other dishes, especially in Europe.

3.1. Cultivation history

Apple is native to central and southeastern Europe, Central Asia and even Xinjiang in my country [4]. In Europe, in 300 BC, M.P. Cato had recorded apple varieties. Later, the Romans began to cultivate and propagate by grafting. In the 18th century, J.B. Montessori and T.A had used natural hybridization to select seedlings and gradually popularize their cultivation. When the New World of America was discovered, European immigrants introduced apples to the Americas and cultivated many new varieties in the Americas. During the Meiji Restoration era, Japan introduced apples from Europe and the United States and then spread them to Asia. Since then, Australia and Africa have also introduced apples. In the past hundred years, apple cultivation has been established in five continents of the world. The earliest Europeans had eaten apples and improved and selected them. Some varieties appeared more than 2,000 years ago. Before colonizing the Americas, there were hundreds of known varieties in Europe. Later, as waves of immigrants flooded across North America, seedling apple varieties spread everywhere and became roving emissaries of local legends, playing a major role in the spread of apples. The most prominent of them was John Chapman (nicknamed "" Johnny Appleseed), who grew apples extensively in Ohio and Indiana. Indians and trappers may have also spread the apple.

Apples have been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years. According to legend, the "Zinai" that Xia Yu ate was red apples, which shows that apples have existed in China for a long time. "Guangzhi" written by Guo Yigong of the Jin Dynasty said: "There are many examples in the West. Every family collects and exposes dried dendrobium to make preserved meat, and dozens and hundreds of dendrobium are accumulated, which is called pinpo grain." It was known at that time that "in the middle of the first lunar month and the second lunar month, if the ax is turned over and the vertebrae are mottled, then the child will be spared." That is similar to modern circular peeling technology to promote multiple results. It can be seen that the technical level of apple cultivation in China during the Jin Dynasty has reached a very high level. Li Tiaoyuan of the Song Dynasty wrote a poem about Ping Po's fruit in his "Hundred Odes of the South China Sea": "The autumn wind blows in Yufan's house, and the green leaves are exquisite and uncut, mistaking them for being as bright as the branches of flowers, and not realizing that the pods are decorated with scarlet. "As of the Ming Dynasty, there were not only "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "summer-ripened" "winter-"winter-tonne", "winter-ripened". However, although the Nai and Ringo cultivated in ancient China are "smooth and playable, with a fragrant aroma that can be smelled for several steps", they "taste like spikenard, and if not cooked, they taste like cotton wool; if they are overripe, they are gritty and rotten and cannot be eaten" (see Qun Fang Pu). After European apples were naturalized in China in the mid-19th century, they gradually replaced Chinese cotton apples. European apples first settled in Yantai, Shandong Province. From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of this century, Qingdao, Shandong Province and southern Liaoning Province were successively introduced and economically cultivated. At present, in various apple-producing areas in China, in addition to the original apple tree species, most of the economically cultivated apple varieties are introduced from Europe, the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union and other countries, and are called Western apples.

The history of apple cultivation in China

1. The history of apple cultivation

The apple was first seen in "Shanglin Fu" by Sima Xiangru of the Western Han Dynasty (125 BC- In the first 118): "梈氰 mg". Among them, most scholars believe that "氰" is the later Mian apple, which is the ancient name of Chinese apple. According to "Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing" (3rd-4th century AD), the various fruit trees in "Shanglin Garden" at that time were all "famous and exotic trees offered by ministers from afar when Shanglin Garden was first built..." Among them are "Nai San: white Nai, purple Nai, green Nai". Since Nai contributed famous fruits, the cultivation in the place of origin must have started earlier. In the 20s of the 3rd century AD, Cao Zhi wrote "Please give a white table" and "Thank you for giving a table". "Historical Records·Biography of Huozhi" recorded several fruit trees that were produced on a large scale in the mainland at that time, but did not mention the table. In short, according to the changes in the name and connotation of nai since the Han Dynasty, it reflects that there is also a development process of Chinese cotton apple.

2. History of Western Apple Cultivation

After the mid-19th century, the maritime ban was opened, a large amount of Western culture was imported, and the exchange of fruit tree resources became more frequent. Malus fruit trees were also introduced.

1. Overview of early introduction of apples There are many ways to introduce apples in the early stage. Among them, Shandong was the earliest. According to local historical records in Yantai, in 1861, John L. Nevius, a member of the American Presbyterian Church, was sent by the Presbyterian Church from Shanghai to Dengzhou, Shandong (today's Penglai City). Because Ni's wife fell ill, he returned to the United States in 1864. When the Ni family returned to Yantai in 1871, they brought fruit tree varieties such as Western apples, pears, American grapes, European plums, and sweet cherries. They built an orchard at the southeast foothills of Yuhuangding in Yantai and named it "Guangxing Orchard."

2. Overview of apple introduction and production in the first half of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, apples in Liaoning and Shandong developed rapidly. In 1909, the largest apple orchard in Lushun (later changed to Lushun Farm) contained 96 Guoguang trees and 550 Japanese apple trees. After the Russo-Japanese War, after the lease rights of Lushun and Dalian were transferred to Japan, a nursery was established in Xiongyue in 1909 (it was changed to an agricultural experimental site in 1913), and some main varieties were introduced from Japan. In 1910, Hongkui and Zhuguang were introduced , Asahi and Guoguang, etc.; between 1914 and 1921, three varieties including Yuxi were introduced.

3. During the recovery period of apple production from 1950 to 1952, the country adopted a series of recuperation policies to support agricultural production, issue interest-free loans for fruit tree production, reduce or exempt fruit industry taxes, and also provide services in key fruit areas. A fruit tree technical guidance organization was established to organize fruit transportation and marketing through supply and marketing cooperatives, increase the income of fruit farmers, and promote the recovery of the fruit tree industry. In the old apple-producing areas, the remaining old apple trees quickly regained their vigor, major pests and diseases were effectively controlled, and the first batch of state-run horticulture farms began to be established (mainly apples in the north). Therefore, the output rebounded rapidly.

4. The rise of the apple industry in the 1950s and 1960s. Starting from 1953, the mutual aid and cooperation movement in rural China began, which greatly encouraged farmers' enthusiasm for developing production. In 1955, the Ministry of Agriculture proposed "mutual aid and cooperation as the basis" The center will vigorously improve the yield and quality of existing fruit trees, and actively expand and cultivate new orchards in mountainous and barren hills in a planned way. New orchards will be exempted from agricultural taxes, and purchase and sales will be improved accordingly.

5. The establishment and development of commodity bases Since 1985, due to the rapid recovery of investment and high efficiency of apples, except for Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan and Shanghai, five places are not suitable for commodity production and cultivation. All regions regard the development of apple production as an important means to develop mountainous areas, get rid of poverty and become rich, or to accumulate funds to support agricultural production. Shaanxi Province has particularly outstanding development. It has established 25 high-quality apple base counties in the Weibei region, with varieties such as Qinguan and Fuji accounting for an absolute share. Advantages, output has also increased rapidly, and there is a tendency for latecomers to catch up. From 1992, the annual output reached 8.429×105t, second only to Shandong and Liaoning. In 1993, it surpassed Liaoning and ranked second in the country. Area and output of each province in the country in 1995.

3.2. Current status of cultivation

3.2.1. Current status of apple cultivation in the world

The annual output of apples in the world is approximately 32 million metric tons. In Europe, a large proportion of apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to make cider account for 1/4 of the world's production. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, and France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. Currently, there are more than 80 countries producing apples in the world, and there are 12 major producing countries with an annual output of more than or close to 1 million tons. In order of production, they are China (46), the United States (9), Turkey (6), and Italy (5). ), France (5), Poland (5), Germany (3), Russia (3), etc. [8]. Excluding China, Marshal Series and Golden Delicious are the two main cultivated varieties in the world. If China is included, Fuji becomes the world's largest cultivated variety. Currently, red Fuji accounts for more than 50% of the newly developed orchards in the United States, Italy, France, Chile, and South Africa, and the Fuji cultivation area in China accounts for 49.6% of the total apple area.

Main varieties grown in various countries:

Japan: Fuji series, Tsugaru series, Wanglin, Jonagold, Mutsu, Shanxia, ??etc.;

United States : Jonagold, Entai, Red Fuji, New Red Star, Gala, Braeburn;

Australia: Pink Lady, Granny Smith, Murray Gem, etc.;

New Zealand : Gala, Pacific Rose, Braeburn, Gorgeous;

South Korea: Ganhong, Honglu, Shuguang, Qiuguang, Huahong

3.2.2. Current status of apple cultivation in my country

In recent years, my country's apple industry has made great progress and has made great achievements. In 2005, the cultivation area was 1.89 million hectares and the output reached 24 million tons, accounting for 2/5 and 1/3 of the world's total apples respectively. my country has become the world's largest apple producer. The yield per unit area has increased from 4.7 tons/hectare in 1995 to an average of 12 tons/hectare in recent years. [5]

After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, the proportion of apple area in the country’s total orchard area dropped from 34.9% in 1996 to 18.8% in 2005. However, apple production continued to grow. It accounts for 27.2% of the national fruit production annually. The two major apple producing areas, the Bohai Bay Rim and the Northwest Loess Plateau, account for 40% and 39% of the country's total apple production area respectively, and their output accounts for 45% and 35% respectively. The proportion of cultivation area for excellent varieties such as Red Fuji reaches more than 80%, and export apples and The proportion of apple juice concentrate accounts for more than 90%.

How to store and preserve apples