What is the basis for the origin of ancient culture in the Yellow River?

Second information 1. The Yellow River is the fifth longest river in the world. It winds in the north of China, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers. From the air, it looks like a huge word "Ji" and is also a unique totem of our nation. Second, the Yellow River is not just a big river. Yellow River, Yellow Land, Emperor and Yellow Peel, all these yellow appearances sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the head of thousands of waters: "China has the source of all rivers, not in the four capitals, but in the river." Third, the theory of loess weathering In the long geological age, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, sand and gravel were everywhere, and they were decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of sudden cooling and sudden heating until they formed powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east. Fourth, deep and broad loess layer This is unparalleled loess, with an area of 4 10000 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess coverage is generally above1000 meters. The loess in Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places is as deep as 100 to 200 meters, and the thickness in Lanzhou is more than 300 meters. Five or six thousand years ago, botanists in the Garden of Eden found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau was not as abundant as that in the south, the loss of nutrients was less, which was very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, Zizyphus jujuba and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation gave birth to a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large areas of virgin forests. Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, is referred to as "Yu" for short. It can be seen that in the era of word-making in Cangjie, it was still a place where elephants haunted. 6. Basic geologists with a prosperous history have found that loess has excellent rationality and is suitable for digging caves to live in; Agronomists have found that various minerals in loess are rich in nutrition and high in natural fertility. The ancestors gradually dug caves in this yellow land to live in and made a living by planting grain. More than 5,000 years ago, Emperor Yan and his tribe flourished, and the footprints of Chinese ancestors traveled all over the yellow land. In the days that followed, the first dynasty of China flourished here, the 800-year founding week started here, and the Qin Empire, which swept Liuhe and unified the whole country, flourished here. Seven, the enlightenment of ancient civilization In the ruins of human activities in Xihoudu, Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, burned animal fossils and antler fossils were found, and many carbon deposits were found in Lantian, Shanxi, 6.5438+0.6 million years ago. Since then, Lantian people, Dali people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the embrace of the Yellow River. Until 6000 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land. Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization. Eight, the historical account of the achievements in transforming nature, here is indeed the first to bathe in the light of civilization, and it is inevitable that it is the first to be touched by the fire of civilization. According to ancient legends, Shennong once taught people to grow crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan, and what he teaches is actually burning forests for farming. Mencius recorded the "merits" of the three emperors and five emperors burning the forest: "When Yao was in power ... vegetation was flourishing, animals were breeding, crops were not growing, animals were threatening ... Yao was the only one who was worried, and he handled it well. Use fire well. " When the mountain burned down, the animals all ran away. "In the Book of Songs, we heard the chanting of our ancestors when they cut down trees:" Kan Kan cut sandalwood, the river is dry, the river is clear, and the blue waves are rippling. ""The tinkling of logging and the singing of birds. "Nine, the loess plateau vegetation suffered great damage for the first time, the emperor unified the six countries. A large number of people then entered Guanzhong, and the reclamation area increased greatly. At the same time, large-scale construction, the construction of the palace mausoleum, wantonly cut down the Guanzhong mountain forest. In the thirty-third year of the First Emperor (2 14 BC), Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and gained a large area of land in Hetao. Later, he settled in other places to defend the border and immigrated to the Ordos Plateau many times, with hundreds of thousands of people each time. The originally endless grassland has become a farming area. 10. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the second time. During the Western Han Dynasty, the population of China surged to 60 million. Developing northwest immigrants has become the main means to solve the pressure of population expansion. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty alone, more than 700,000 people moved to the northwest frontier fortress. The Western Han Dynasty drove the Huns to the distant Mobei, and turned large areas of forests and pastoral areas into agricultural areas. The irrigation project of diverting water from the Yellow River developed in Hetao during the Western Han Dynasty was at the cost of great damage to the forests of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi. Xi。 Forests in the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the third time. At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, efforts were made to quickly restore the economy. Because the center of its economy, trade and foreign affairs is biased towards the northwest, the farmland reclamation in the northwest is very vivid. The forest and pastoral areas in the Loess Plateau have reclaimed large areas of farmland and cultivated hundreds of thousands of mu. There are 200-300 mu of cultivated land, which is extensively planted and the harvest is not good, causing extensive damage to vegetation. Chang 'an, the central city of the Yellow Land in Tang Dynasty. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength reached its peak, and the scale of the capital was of course unprecedented, consuming countless Woods. As far as Chang 'an is concerned, in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to logging in nearby mountainous areas such as Baoji, Meixian, Zhouzhi and Huxian, it also went as far away as Qishan and Longshan, and then went to Lanzhou (now Lanxian) and Shengzhou (now Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia) to purchase. 12. The forest on the Loess Plateau was hit hard for the fourth time. Kaifeng, the capital of song dynasty, had to go to Luliang Mountain for logging because the mountains north and south of the Yellow River near Luoyang had long been cut down. At that time, the forest area in the upper reaches of Weihe River was also violently robbed. According to historical records, just after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Qin and the Dragon were heavily divided. Forests in Qinling, Ziwuling and Luoshan in Shaanxi, Helan and Pan Da in Ningxia, Zhao He and Longnan in Gansu have been destroyed one after another. In the Song Dynasty, officials and merchants collected more than 10,000 big trees from the Longshan Mountain between Shaanxi and Gansu every year, which made the good trees in Kaifeng city pile up at that time, and the wood collected and sold by folk merchants was countless. Thirteen, the loess plateau forest was hit hard for the fifth time. In the Ming Dynasty, northwest China was recovered, and farming was paid attention to in order to raise the army and turn it to the people. At that time, "the fields are all over the world" and "the northwest is the most". When I was stationed near Yanmen and Pianguan Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty, the mountains were steep and the trees were lush, "people couldn't ride in". By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, senior officials and dignitaries, border guards and local residents in Beijing began to cut down trees. " Hundreds of families are in groups, and thousands of people are neighbors. We can't drive them away, but we can't ban them. "Only one million trees are trafficked to Beijing every year. 14. The forest on the Loess Plateau was hit hard for the sixth time, and the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. After decades of rest and recuperation, the population has increased from 80 million to 200 million. North China and Jiangnan are overcrowded, so a large number of refugees spontaneously flock to the northwest. The Loess Plateau has once again become the hardest hit area. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were towering trees in Qilian Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain, which were completely bare mountains at this time. Today, fifteen or six thousand years later, the forest has dropped from 69% to 6%. After 6,000 years, the forest was reduced from 69% to 6% and became a veritable loess. Loess itself is loose in the soil, without any anti-scourability, and completely depends on the protection of ground vegetation and its roots. Plants play the most important role in soil and water conservation, followed by grassland, and crops are almost zero. For thousands of years, we have been leveling natural vegetation with protective ability and replacing it with crops without protective ability. Sixteen, alas! Yellow River! Oh! For thousands of years, we have destroyed the natural vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with knives and axes and wars. Alas, countless magnificent temples built with trees have been cut down, but now they are safe and sound? The yellow land is deep and fragile. Because of its loose soil and fine particles, once the vegetation is destroyed, soil erosion is extremely serious. Soon we heard a lament: "Initiating the River Clearing, what is the geometry of life?" "Seventeen. At present, there are more than 300,000 gullies on the plateau whose length exceeds 1km, and there are countless branch gullies and hair gullies below 1km. The final destination of gullies is the Yellow River, which continuously cuts the Loess Plateau and becomes the main source of sediment in the Yellow River. 18. The vegetation on the Loess Plateau has been destroyed, and the ecological environment is not what it used to be. There are rugged, cracked and broken loess everywhere, and there are no trees or even grass. How many people have deeply lamented: How did our ancestors breed such a splendid civilization in such a harsh natural environment? What they didn't realize was that green was the main color here until 6000 years ago, when the forest coverage rate was as high as 69%. 19. Topographic changes of a rainstorm With the decrease of vegetation coverage, the rivers and ditches on the plateau were strongly cut, extended upward at the same time, and both sides were widened, and branch ditches developed, and branch ditches developed into hair ditches. Such a change often takes only a few years, months, days or even a rainstorm, so the Loess Plateau is also known as the region with the fastest terrain change in the world. 20. 90% of the 6,543.8+0.6 billion tons of sediment dumped every year comes from the Loess Plateau and 90% comes from these gullies on the Loess Plateau. Every year,1.60 billion tons of soil is lost, not only to dye a river shocking yellow. It went down with the water, silted up the lake, washed away the hills, raised the riverbed and washed away the plains. The Yellow River has become increasingly tyrannical after two breaches in twenty-one or three years, and it has changed for a hundred years. " Two collapses in three years and a change in a hundred years ",the mother river has finally become" the worry of China ". Fighting the Yellow River flood has become a top priority in the Central Plains. Twenty-two, guarding the Yellow River water shortage. Zhengzhou can be an example of the middle reaches. Zhengzhou was originally prospered by water. It is close to the Yellow River, and Jia Luhe, Xiong 'er River and Jinshui River pass through the city. However, with the great development of industry and agriculture, pollution is becoming more and more serious, water diversion channels are criss-crossing, and the three rivers that once flowed endlessly have dried up. By the 1970s, Zhengzhou had completely relied on the Yellow River for water supply. 23. Shandong is short of water, and the closer it is to the Yellow River, the scarcer its water resources are. Population and cultivated land account for 7.2% and 7.3% of the country respectively, while the total water resources only account for 1.2% of the country. The per capita water resource is only 300 cubic meters, which is 13.3% of the national average. Each hectare of cultivated land occupies 4560 cubic meters of water, accounting for 17.3% of the national total. However, the closer to the Yellow River, the more water resources are in short supply. The runoff in the Yellow River area has dropped to only 60mm, and it is only 25mm in Linqing and guanxian areas in the northwest of Shandong.