What impact did the migration tide in China's history have on our society?

Immigrants from China began at the same time as the history of China. Immigrants in China's history were large in scale and widely distributed, which had a far-reaching and extensive impact on the historical process of China. Immigrants from different times and regions, with their own cultural concepts and traditional habits, gather together, agitate, integrate and promote each other. The formation and consolidation of China's unified country, the establishment of a pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation, China's economic development and the shift of economic focus are all deeply branded with immigrants.

For the first time, from the second year of Yuan Shuo (127 BC) to the first year of Yuan Feng (1 10 BC), the population completely resettled by the government was no less than1200,000. The expenses of the vast majority of immigrants from migration to settlement are entirely borne by the government, and there are a large number of officials and foot soldiers along the way. The farthest migration distance is two or three thousand kilometers. At that time, the total population of the Han Dynasty was about 36 million, and immigrants accounted for one thirtieth of the total population.

The second time, from Yongjia period to Yuanjia period in the Southern Song Dynasty (307-453), Han people in the Central Plains went south to Jiangnan and other places. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Eight Kings Rebellion happened, followed by the Five Rebellions. The royal aristocrats and wealthy businessmen of the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved south one after another, which led to the emergence of many hometown of overseas Chinese in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Such as Nansizhou, South Xuzhou, South Yanzhou, South Hongnong and South Xin 'an, refer to the hometown of overseas Chinese of northerners exiled in Jiangnan during the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties.

This is very similar to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Many place names are new, for example, new york means New Yorkshire, and New Orleans and New Wales are British place names with the word "new" added. Even today, there are many place names in the south, or the place names of the ancient Central Plains! This kind of immigrants became the basic source of the southern Han nationality of Wu and Xiang families. 900,000 migrants moved south, accounting for about one-sixth of the population of Liu and Song Dynasties. Among them, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces account for nearly half of the total number of immigrants, and some areas in Jiangsu are highly concentrated. Today, from Nanjing to Zhenjiang, there are even more foreigners in the north than local residents.

The third time, after the Anshi Rebellion, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south. Li Bai's "Wang Yongdong's Wandering Songs" says: "Three rivers are chaotic in the north, and four seas in the south are like Yongjia", which is distributed in the vast southern region. There are two main routes to move south: east, middle and west. East Road enters Huainan and Jiangnan from the North China Plain, and then mainly enters Jiangxi through Jinqu Basin in southern Anhui and western Zhejiang. Divided into two, one south to Lingnan; One crossed Wuyishan and entered Fujian. The East Road, relying on the Grand Canal, which was the lifeline of the national traffic at that time, also used rivers such as Bianhe and Surabaya to form a wide northwest-southeast water transport belt, connecting the North China Plain with Huainan and Jiangnan, and extending southward to Jiangxi and Fujian. It is unimaginable that a large number of refugees flock to Huainan, Jiangnan and Jiangxi without relying on canals.

The southward migration lasted for a century and a half, until the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the number of people could not be verified, but the southward migration of China's economic and cultural center was completed.

The fourth time, after the Jingkang rebellion, it moved south. This southward migration lasted for a century and a half, in which the scale was large and the number was concentrated. In just over ten years, "people from the northwest of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hunan, Fujian and Guangzhou are everywhere". Today, there are a large number of northern immigrants in southeast provinces, even as far away as Fujian and Guangdong, with relatively concentrated areas in southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The areas with relatively dense immigrants are from Suzhou to Ningbo, and of course the highest concentration is Hangzhou. This immigration activity has formed a "Hakka" ethnic group with great influence in the world today. Shortly after Jin entered the Central Plains, Mongolia rose and continued to invade the Central Plains. People from the Central Plains continued to move south, and Henan became the period with the least population in history.

The fifth time, the great immigration in the early Ming Dynasty. This is a typical government action, forcing people to move. Since 1367, immigrants from Taihu Lake Basin, northern Shanxi, Hebei Province, Pearl River Basin and Shandong Province have moved to Fengyang, with a total population of about 500,000, accounting for about 80% of the total population. Yangzhou and Huai 'an in northern Jiangsu indirectly received about 570,000 immigrants from Suzhou, Huizhou and Jiangxi in Hongwu. In addition, hundreds of thousands of non-commissioned officers in Nanjing (now Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui) were moved to Yungui to defend the border; Shanxi people moved to Hebei and northern Henan; People who moved to western Zhejiang and Shanxi lived in Chu, He and other States and in Peiping, Shandong and Henan. People moved from Jiangxi to Huguang, and Huguang moved to Sichuan, Beiping and Shanhou (the northern end of Taihang Mountain in Hebei and the northern part of Dujun Mountain). People scattered in the north think they are officers, and so on. In the early Ming Dynasty, the scale of immigrants was huge, reaching 7 million in the Yangtze River basin, 4.9 million in North China and 6.5438+0.5 million in the northeast and southwest frontiers, totaling 6.5438+0.34 million. During the Hongwu period, there were 7 million immigrants, accounting for 19% of the total population in China.

The sixth time, Qing immigrants. In the Qing Dynasty, most immigrants moved to other places voluntarily. In the early Qing Dynasty, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong formulated preferential policies to encourage immigrants to move into Sichuan. In the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), more than 6 million immigrants and their descendants from Hunan, Hubei and Guangdong moved to Sichuan, accounting for more than 60% of the local population. From 1860, the Qing dynasty opened the "forbidden land" in the northeast, and then adopted an encouraging policy. A large number of immigrants from Shandong, Hebei and northern regions migrated to the northeast, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the total number of immigrants exceeded100000.