What are the main categories of social dialects?

Social dialects are language varieties formed by the different nature of social groups. Social dialects and regional dialects have no direct origin. They are language differences formed by factors such as different occupations, social status, political beliefs, education levels, or community communication habits composed of these factors. The main differences are language style and expression, as well as the use of some special vocabulary. In linguistics, a social dialect refers to the language spoken within a certain social group, social class or subculture. In this sense, it is distinguished from a personal dialect, that is, a particular form of language used by an individual. Social dialects are also distinguished from regional dialects, which are special forms of language used in specific areas. However, regional dialects often have a special social status, so a particular language variety is often considered both a regional dialect and a social dialect. For example, Standard Italian is a regional dialect relative to Tuscan. But as the Italian national language, it is also a social dialect, since it is used as a lingua franca across the country in broadcasts, news media and high society. Mandarin one *** four blockbusters. Wu, Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi are closely connected. Hakka also has Ping and Jin, and the Min dialect is divided into northern and southern. 1. The largest dialect in China is the Mandarin dialect, which is spoken by 70% of the country's population. It is represented by Beijing dialect, which is divided into four parts. 1. North China Mandarin: Beijing, Northeast China, Shandong, and Henan are one part, or called Northern Mandarin. There are also those who separate Northeastern dialect into a sub-dialect area. The Beijing area has been a place where northern nomads and Han people have mixed together since ancient times. In the Tang Dynasty, Hu General An Lushan raised his troops based on Beijing, and after the Five Dynasties, it was surrendered to the Khitan people. The dialects in Beijing were formed by mixing the languages ??of Han, Manchu, Mongolian and other nomadic peoples during the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties. During this period, the dialects changed rapidly. In the Ming Dynasty, it was greatly influenced by southern Chinese and was relatively stable. After the Qing army entered the pass, the initial consonants of "suspect ng, wei v" disappeared, and the entering tone disappeared and became finalized. It is the dialect that is most different from ancient Chinese. During the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, it began to be promoted throughout the country and was called Mandarin. It has its legitimacy as the authoritative dialect of our multi-ethnic country. But as some netizens said, no matter how authoritative it is, it is still a dialect. Northern dialect is not a language superior to other dialects. Other dialects also have cultural functions that cannot be replaced by Mandarin. Mandarin is not a perfect language, so Zhao Yuanren worked hard to design and introduce Mandarin. The characteristics of its language are that the main feature is that it does not retain the entering tone; other non-voiced sounds are divided into flat tongue sounds and front and back nasal sounds, but there is no labial nasal "m" (mixed with front nasal sounds), which cannot be based on ancient Chinese phonetic books. The deduced pronunciation is very different from the southern Chinese phonetic system. 2. Northwest Mandarin: distributed in the northwest region. 3. Southwest Mandarin: distributed in the southwest region. The characteristic of its language is that the flat and curved tongue sounds and the front and back nasal sounds are not very different. It originally had the "suspicious ng" initial consonant. In the southern region, there are even "n, l", "f, h" and "z, c". s" and "j, q, x" are not distinguished. 4. Jianghuai Mandarin: distributed in Yangzhou, Nanjing, Yancheng, and Zhenjiang. Yangzhou City has been massacred and looted no less than seven times in its history, most recently by Manchu and Mongolian troops. The situation in other Jianghuai dialect areas is roughly the same. Therefore, this area was historically a Wu dialect area, but now the language has changed and it has become a Jianghuai sub-dialect area. The Jianghuai sub-dialect was historically the official dialect of the Ming Dynasty. The characteristics of its language are that "n and l" are not distinguished, and there are incoming sounds, and the flat and upward tongue sounds and front and back nasal sounds are not necessarily distinguished. Second, Wu dialect, also known as Jiangnan dialect, is distributed in southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. It is the second largest dialect in China. The Wuyue area has always been an introduction area for northern Han nobles and literati from all over the country. There were two large-scale waves of northern immigrants in the Eastern Jin and Southern Song Dynasties. In addition, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Wang Xizhi, Su Dongpo, Bai Juyi and other cultural figures of the past dynasties have lived here for a long time, or He settled here in his later years. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Southern Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty, it was the official dialect of the Han regime in the south (Nanjing was also a Wu dialect area in history). In the past thousand years, the culture of Wuyue region has been developed, and both Kunqu Opera and Tanci are based on Wu dialect. Therefore, its phonetic features retain most of the characteristics of ancient Chinese, and it has made the greatest contribution to Chinese literature. However, after liberation, the Wu dialect was subject to policy restrictions and cultural discrimination compared with the Fujian and Cantonese dialects, and the proportion of speakers of the dialect dropped rapidly. It is possible that the number of speakers will soon drop to that of the Fujian and Cantonese dialects. The characteristics of its language are that it retains fully voiced sounds, retains entering sounds, and does not distinguish between flat and raised tongue sounds and front and back nasal sounds. The pronunciation can be deduced based on ancient Chinese phonetic books. Third, Cantonese or Cantonese, the third largest Chinese dialect, was originally distributed in the Guangzhou area of ??Guangdong Province. After liberation, the government paid relatively great attention to it. In addition, Hong Kong is not under the control of the central government, so it is well preserved and the number of speakers is steadily increasing. There are original differences within Cantonese, and there is also a history of Dongguan being the most respected dialect. But now the Cantonese dialect prevails, and the province is also promoting it. The characteristics of its language are that all voiced sounds are devoiced, but generally yang tones are not mixed with unvoiced sounds; the three consonants of "p, t, k" in the incoming tone and the three endings of "m, n, ng" in the nasal sound are retained. The initial consonants "n, l" are not separated, "f, h" are not separated, and "z, c, s" and "j, q, x" are not separated. Able to deduce pronunciation based on ancient Chinese phonetic books. Fourth, the population of speakers of the Min dialect is about the same as that of Cantonese, and it is divided into northern and southern areas. Some people also divide it into two major dialect areas. The northern Fujian dialect is mainly in Fuzhou, and the southern Fujian dialect is widely distributed, including Xiamen, Chaozhou, Taiwan, and Hainan. It is also commonly used by Southeast Asian expatriates.

The biggest difference is from Mandarin, and the biggest internal differences. The characteristics of its language are that all voiced sounds are devoiced, but the masculine tones are not mixed with the unvoiced sounds; some sub-voiced sounds are changed into three voiced initial consonants "[b][g][dz]"; the incoming tones include "p, t, "k,?" has four kinds of pronunciation sounds, and the nasal sound has four endings: "m, n, ng and nasalized sound". The initial consonants "f and h" are not distinguished. Able to deduce pronunciation based on ancient Chinese phonetic books. Fifth, the Xiang dialect is distributed in Hunan. Originally, the Old Xiang dialect also had fully voiced sounds, which were basically voiced after the introduction of universalization. The entry tone is retained, no distinction is made between front and back nasal sounds, no raised tongue sounds, initial consonants "n, l" are not distinguished, and even "f, h" are not distinguished. Sixth, the Gan dialect is distributed in Jiangxi. All voiced sounds are devoiced, but the yang tones are not mixed with the unvoiced sounds; the incoming tones are retained, regardless of the front and back nasal sounds. The initial consonants "n and l" are sometimes not distinguished. Seventh, Hakka is the language of the descendants of early northern immigrants, with more characteristics of northern dialects before the Tang Dynasty. Originally the fully voiced sounds were devoiced, but they were all converted into fully voiceless sounds, and the yang tones were not mixed with the fully voiceless sounds; the incoming tone was retained; there was no "f" initial consonant; and there was no raised tongue sound. 8. Jin dialect: a dialect in Shanxi, which is not the same as Shanxi dialect. The difference between it and the surrounding northern dialects is that it retains the entering tone. The sound of entering after push is also tending to disappear. 9. Pinghua: Distributed in Guangxi, it is one of the newly identified dialect areas.