Finnish history

Finland is located in Scandinavia in the northwest of continental Europe, bordering the Soviet Union in the east, the Baltic Sea in the south, the Gulf of Bosnia in the west and Sweden and Norway in the northwest, with an area of 338 145 square kilometers. The population is 4,965,438+0,000 (65,438+0,985), of which 93% are Finns, 6. 2% are Swedes and Lapps. Finnish and Swedish are the official languages. 90. 1% residents believe in Christian Lutheranism, 1 1% believe in Orthodox Church. There are many lakes in the territory, and it is known as the "country of thousands of lakes". Helsinki, the capital.

According to archaeological findings, humans lived in Finland in 6000 BC, but there are different opinions about the origin of the Finnish nation. One school thinks that today's Finns come from Asia, belong to the same race as magyars who settled in Hungary in the 9th century and Estonians on the Baltic Sea, and belong to the Finnish-Uruguayan language family. Another school thinks that Finns are Baltic people who migrated from the east and south of the Baltic Sea in BC or mixed-race people of different ancestry. At the beginning of the 8th century, people began to settle in Finland. At first, the Somi tribe was formed in the fertile area along the southwest coast, the Harmen tribe was formed in the Wana Yaser Gai area of the mainland, and the Caleia La tribe was formed in the southeast of Lake Marseille and the Gulf of Viborg in the 9th century. Today's Finns are mainly developed from the above three ancient tribes.

Before the12nd century ruled by Sweden, Finnish society was still a primitive commune system. 1 155- 1293, Sweden launched a "crusade" against Finland, forcing Finns who believe in polytheism to convert to Catholicism and submit to the Swedish king by force. 1362 Finland became a province of Sweden. 1397 to 1523 During the Kalmar Union, the King of Denmark became the The Swedish monarch and the Governor of Finland was appointed by the King of Denmark. 1434 peasant riots against Denmark broke out in Sweden and Finland, 1523 Kalmar Union collapsed, Sweden established Vasa dynasty and resumed its rule over Finland, 1556 Finland became the Principality of Sweden. 1596, farmers in Poha, western China, were dissatisfied with the Swedish ruler's "stationing troops for the people" and exorbitant taxes, and took up sticks to hold an uprising, which quickly spread to the south. But in the end, because they were outnumbered, they were brutally suppressed in 1597. Finnish history calls it the "stick riot". /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Sweden began to compete with Russia, Denmark, Germany and Poland for hegemony in the Baltic Sea. 1554- 1809, Finland became a battlefield and was in war for a long time. 17 14 The Swiss army defeated the Russian army and occupied the whole of Finland. 172 1 year, Switzerland and Russia signed the "Usika Ubuki Peace Treaty", and southeastern Finland was annexed by Russia, which was called "the period of great hatred" in Finnish history. 174 1 year, Sweden launched a revenge war against Russia, and the Russian army re-established the Swiss-Finnish Coalition and reoccupied Finland. 1743, the Turku Peace Treaty was signed, and a large area of land east of the Jumi River in Finland, including the Sema River, was all ceded to Russia. Finnish history is called "the period of little hatred". 1808, Russia forced Sweden to join the anti-British alliance and launched a crusade against Sweden. Sweden suffered a crushing defeat and 1809 signed the Hamina Peace Treaty. The rest of Finland was annexed by Russia and became the grand duchy of Russia. The czar also served as the Grand Duke of Finland and exercised domestic autonomy, thus ending Sweden's six-century rule.

/kloc-During the period of Russian rule and Finnish national awakening in the middle of 0/9th century, Finnish capitalism developed, and emerging industries such as textile, paper making, matches, rubber, margarine, sugar, cement and plywood appeared one after another. 1860 issue a national currency independent of the Russian ruble. The development of industry has brought about the modernization of transportation. The Marseille Canal was dug in 1856, the first railway was built in 1862, and telegraph, telephone and postal services were established. /kloc-In the 1960s of 0/9, the Finnish nation woke up and the nationalist movement rose. Under the leadership of J.V. Naarmann (1806- 188 1) and others, the Finnish language movement won, making Finnish the official language of the country. At the end of 19, Tsar Nicholas II carried out the Russian policy in Finland, and in 1899, it brazenly issued the February Royal Decree. The Finnish people waged an indomitable struggle to defend their autonomy, resist Russianization, and resist the rule and oppression of the czar. With the development of capitalism and the spread of Marxism in Finland, the Finnish working class began to step onto the historical stage. 1884 saw the emergence of organized trade unions, 1899 saw the founding of the Finnish Workers' Party (1903 was renamed the Finnish Social Democratic Party), and 1905 led the first national general political strike in Finnish history, forcing the czar to restore Finland. At the same time, the struggle of rural tenants has also won, forcing tenants not to drive away at will.

Finland's Independence and Civil War 19 17 Russia's October socialist revolution was successful, Finland declared its independence in the same year 12, B. The Soviet regime led by Lenin recognized Finland as a sovereign country according to the principle of national self-determination, and Finland finally got rid of the colonial rule of czar Russia 108. After Finland's independence, domestic class contradictions have become increasingly prominent. Encouraged by the victory of the October Revolution, the Finnish working class seized power by force in June. With the support of the former Russian soldiers stationed in Finland, the Workers' Red Guards occupied the capital Helsinki and the southern coastal areas, overthrew the bourgeois government and established the People's Committee of the revolutionary regime. Some members of the government fled to Vasha in the northwest to establish a temporary capital, and with the intervention of the Swedish bourgeoisie and the German armed forces, they organized the White Guards to counter the revolutionary regime. Aft four months of war. The Red Guards were defeated (see 19 18 Finnish People's Uprising). In June of the same year, Finland promulgated the Constitution and established the Republic of Finland.

After the failure of the Finnish 19 18 revolution in World War II, the Finnish bourgeoisie strengthened its dictatorship at home and pursued a policy of hostility towards the Soviet Union and Russia abroad. 1920, 10, Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Dolpat Peace Treaty, which ended the hostility between the two countries and defined their borders. The Soviet Union allocated Bezaimo province to Finland as compensation for 1864' s cession of a piece of karelian isthmus to Russia. 1932 Finland and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty. In World War II, the Soviet Union asked Finland to provide a naval base and exchange part of its territory on the grounds of ensuring the security of its northwest border and Leningrad region, which was rejected by the Finnish government. 1939165438+1On October 26th, the Soviet Union announced that the Finnish army had taken provocative actions on its border, unilaterally abrogated the non-aggression treaty and severed diplomatic relations between the two countries. 1654381On October 30th, the Soviet Union and the Air Force launched an all-out attack on Finland, and the Sufen War, known as the "Winter War", broke out. After 105 days of fighting, the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on 12 and 1940 in March. Finland was forced to cede the whole of karelian isthmus, including Vyborg, the west bank of Vyborg Bay, the west and north of Lake Ladoga, the Sala area and most of Finland's islands to the Soviet Union, and the ancestors of Hanko Peninsula were ceded to the Soviet Union as naval bases for 30 years. Finland is unwilling to abide by the provisions of the above-mentioned treaties. When fascist Germany launched a large-scale attack on the Soviet Union in June 194 1, Finland also declared war on the Soviet Union and joined the international anti-* * production alliance. The second Finnish-Soviet War (known as the "continuation war" in Finnish history) lasted until 1944 when the Soviet Union launched a comprehensive counterattack, and Finland was in a state of total collapse. On September 19 of the same year, Finland, as a defeated country, signed an armistice agreement and a provisional peace treaty with the Soviet Union in Moscow.1February 6, 947, the Soviet Union and other allied countries signed a formal peace treaty with Finland in Paris.

After the war, Finland signed a peace treaty according to the Paris Peace Conference (1946). After the war, Finland dissolved all fascist organizations, and the Finnish Production Party resumed its underground public activities. 1945 formed a coalition government with Fen * *. 1946, J.K. Paasikivi was elected president, and declared that he would pursue a peaceful and neutral policy of harmony and friendship with the Soviet Union, maintain traditional cooperation with other Nordic countries, maintain friendly relations with all countries, and not intervene in big country disputes. 1948 The Finnish government refused to accept the Marshall Plan of the United States and signed the Treaty of Friendly Pregnancy Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. According to the treaty, Finland undertakes the obligation to maintain the security of the northwest border of the Soviet Union and shall not participate in the anti-Soviet alliance. Militarily, "if necessary, the Soviet Union can assist or act together with the Soviet Union". 1950101On October 28th, China and Finland established diplomatic relations. 1955 Finland's accession to the United Nations and the Nordic Council. 1956, British Kaikkonen was elected president and continued to pursue Paasikivi's foreign policy. 1958 formed a coalition government with Social Democratic Party, Peasant Party and Unity Party as the main parts. The Soviet Union publicly expressed its distrust, recalled its ambassador to Finland and interrupted trade negotiations, which led to the collapse of the government that had been in power for only three months. Finnish history calls it the "cold night period". 196 1 year, Finland held a presidential election. Sue was dissatisfied with the presidential candidate Mr. Hongka recommended by the Social Democratic Party and the United Party, so she wrote a note to Finland on the pretext of "Berlin crisis", citing the relevant provisions in the treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, demanding military consultations with Finland and forcing Hongka to withdraw from the presidential election. Finnish history called it "paper money crisis". 196 1 year, Finland joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) as an associate member, and in 1973, it signed economic, scientific and technological cooperation agreements and free trade agreements with CMEA and European countries respectively. Kaikkonen resigned as president due to illness at the end of 198 1, and social Democrat M.H. Covisto was elected president at 1982+0.