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The origin of Old English

The early Germanic tribes of the West (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) immigrated to England, and English is derived from their language Medium changes are inherited. According to the "Anglo Saxon Chronicle", around AD 449

Vortigern, King of the British Isles, invited "Anglo relatives" to help him fight against the Picts, so he gave the Anglian people Territory to the southeast in return. Then he sought further support, and the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came one after another. "Chronicles" records that these "immigrants" eventually established seven kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex.

After the Germanic invasion, they dominated the local Celtic-speaking peoples. The local languages ??survived mainly in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and the island of Ireland. The language of these invaders gradually formed "Old English", which is very similar to modern Frisian. The three words English (English, English), England (England) and East

Anglia (East Anglia) are respectively developed from the words describing the Anglo people: Englisc, Angelcynn, Englaland . In the ninth century AD, the Scandinavians invaded northern Britain on a large scale. By the end of the ninth century, invaders had taken over almost the entire eastern half of Britain. Scandinavians speak a North Germanic language. The difference between North Germanic and West Germanic is not that great. As a result of the Scandinavian invasion

a large number of Scandinavian words (represented by Old Norse

) entered the ancient world. English vocabulary. Old Norse and Old English have many synonyms. As a result, Old Norse words are often replaced by Old English words in English vocabulary.

For three hundred years after the Norman Conquest in 1066, the kings of England spoke only French. As a result, a large number of French words entered Old English, and Old English itself lost most of its twists and turns, forming Middle English. The great vowel shift around 1500 transformed Middle English into modern English. The most famous literary work of Old English is "Beowulf", and Middle English is "The Canterbury Tales". The evolution of English English (English) belongs to the Germanic language family in the Indo-European language family

The Germanic language evolved from the language spoken by the Germanic people of the Anglo, Saxon and Jute tribes who immigrated to the island of Great Britain from the European continent in ancient times, and spread to all parts of the world through British colonial activities.

Due to historical contact with multiple ethnic languages, its vocabulary has changed from unigram to plural, its grammar has changed from "more inflection" to "less inflection", and its pronunciation has also undergone regular changes. English may be the third or fourth most spoken language in the world based on the number of native speakers (380,000,000 in 1999), but it is the most widespread second language in the world. More than 60% of the world's letters are written in English, and more than 50% of newspapers and magazines are in English. The cultural, economic, military, political and scientific leadership of Britain and the United States in the past two centuries has made English a quasi-international language. English is one of the working languages ??of the United Nations. The language closest to English is undoubtedly Frisian, which is still spoken in the northern province of Friesland in the Netherlands, with approximately 500,000 speakers. Some consider Lowland Scots a separate language close to English, while others consider it a dialect of English.

Scots, the Low Saxon languages ??of eastern Holland and northern Germany are also closely related to English. Other related languages ??include Dutch, Afrikaans and German. The Normans conquered England in the 11th century and brought a large number of French words, which greatly enriched the English vocabulary. Modern English began to flourish during Shakespeare's period. Some scholars divide it into early modern English and late modern English, with the dividing line being around 1800. As Britain occupied and colonized most of the world, local languages ??also greatly influenced the development of English. The geographical distribution of English English is the first language in the following countries and regions: Australia, Bahamas, Ireland, Barbados, Bermuda, Guyana, Jamaica, New Zealand

New Zealand, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom and United States. There are currently about 300 million people in the world who speak English as their first language (native language). English is the dominant language in Brazil (along with Portuguese), Canada (along with French), Dominica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( along with French), Federated States of Micronesia, Ireland (along with Irish), Liberia (along with

African languages), Singapore, Malaysia and South Africa (along with Afrikaans and other African languages).

There are about 250 million people who use it as a second language (that is, it is not the native language, but the common language of the country where it is located).

English is the official language (one) of the following countries and regions, but it is not a local language: Fiji, Ghana, Gambia, Hong Kong, India, Kiribati, Lesotho, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Malta, Marshall Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania

, Zambia and Zimbabwe. There are approximately 300 to 500 million people who use English as a foreign language. In addition, English is the most commonly learned language as a foreign language in Europe and Japan (32.6%), followed by French, German and Spanish.