What happened in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and how did this happen? The route of the Silk Road?

The historical points of Qin and Han dynasties can also be summarized as follows: the establishment and consolidation of a unified centralized feudal country led to the first "great unification" in China history; The feudal economy developed rapidly, and the level of agriculture and handicraft industry was in the forefront of the world. The formation of a multi-ethnic country with the Han nationality as the main body; Sino-foreign exchanges began to develop, and science and technology and culture established a leading position in the world.

First, establish and consolidate a unified centralized feudal country:

1. Historical conditions for Qin's unification of China: First of all, from the objective conditions, it is an inevitable trend of historical development since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to end the vassal regime and complete the unification of feudal countries; After years of war, the broad masses of people are eager to end the war and realize reunification; At that time, due to the improvement of productive forces and the development of social economy, the ties between various ethnic groups and localities were strengthened, providing the necessary material conditions and social foundation for reunification; During the Warring States period, the vassal states abolished the enfeoffment system, implemented the county system, and centralized the feudal hegemony locally, which provided a political basis for the feudal unification. Secondly, as far as subjective conditions are concerned, Qin has already possessed a unified strength: Qin has thoroughly reformed and established a relatively stable image of a centralized feudal country; The emerging landlords in Qin are powerful, with rapid economic development and strong military combat effectiveness; Qin carried out correct strategies such as attacking far and attacking near; Qin Shihuang himself was brilliant.

2. The centralization of feudal monarchy was established and developed.

(1) Concept understanding: centralization, feudal autocratic monarch.

The autocratic centralization of feudal monarchy is the basic political system and political organization form of China feudal society, including patentism and centralization. Authoritarianism refers to the central decision-making mode, that is, the monarch has supreme power, arbitrary dictatorship, and controls all military power. Mainly reflected in the lifelong system and hereditary system of the throne; Centralization refers to the relationship between the central government and local governments, and local governments obey the central government. The emergence of autocratic centralization is the need to consolidate and unify the feudal country and maintain the feudal economic base. During the Warring States Period, Han Fei put forward the theory of centralization of absolutism.

(2) Establishment and development: After Qin Shihuang unified China, he established autocratic centralization through a series of economic and cultural measures, such as the establishment of the emperor system, the system of three officials in the central organs and the system of local counties and counties. Han inherited the Qin system, and Liu Bang inherited the autocratic centralization initiated by Qin Shihuang. By solving the problem of the kingdom, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further controlled the local political power, accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, advocated great unification, established the guiding ideology and theoretical basis of feudal monarchy absolutism, and strengthened the centralization of absolutism unprecedentedly. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, this system was further strengthened and finalized.

(3) The characteristics and influence of centralized feudal autocratic monarchy system: This system is based on feudal relations of production, meets the political and economic needs of the landlord class, is conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country, and is conducive to resisting foreign invasion and organizing the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. However, this system also has obvious disadvantages: the people are tightly controlled, the emperor's personal role has a great influence on the political situation, and it is easy to produce corruption and autocracy, especially in the late feudal society, its positive significance is decreasing and its disadvantages are increasing.

3. Peasant Uprising: During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a peasant uprising broke out in China. Chen Sheng, Guangwu Uprising and Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out one after another. The reasons for these uprisings are: first, heavy feudal corvee and serious land annexation; Secondly, brutal feudal rule; Third, political darkness. These three uprisings directly hit the feudal rule, forcing the feudal rule to make some adjustments to the feudal relations of production after the establishment of the new dynasty.

2. The rapid development of feudal economy in Qin and Han Dynasties:

Economically, the feudal economy of Qin and Han dynasties developed significantly.

The main reasons for economic development are:

(1) The unification of the country, including the unification of various systems, provided conditions for economic development: Qin Shihuang, for example, unified measurement, unified currency and unified railway tracks.

(2) The rulers implemented reasonable ruling policies and even the state directly stepped forward to create conditions for economic development. For example, in the early Western Han Dynasty, the policy of recuperation was implemented, and Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty took various measures to restore the economy and reduce exploitation and oppression. The rulers of Qin and Han dynasties used state power to build water conservancy and harness the Yellow River, which laid a good foundation for agricultural development.

(3) The ruling class in Qin and Han dynasties paid attention to the adoption and popularization of advanced production technology. For example, Zhang Qian brought the sinking and cast iron technology from the Central Plains to the Western Regions, which greatly promoted the economic development of the Western Regions.

3. Ethnic relations and foreign relations in Qin and Han Dynasties;

The ethnic relations in the Qin and Han Dynasties have made new progress. During this period, the ways of ethnic contact were war, consanguinity, large-scale migration, courtship and the establishment of specialized institutions, which showed a diversified trend and led to the continuous strengthening of ethnic integration.

1. Relationship with Xiongnu:

(1) Qin: sent Meng Tian to seize the Hetao area and immigrate to produce; Build the Great Wall.

(2) Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu and Xiongnu fought three wars, defeated Xiongnu and settled the north. During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Zhaojun left the fortress, and Han and Hungary lived in harmony for more than 40 years, with close relations and mutual prosperity.

(3) Eastern Han Dynasty: Xiongnu was divided into two parts. Dou Gu and Dou Xian were defeated by Huns, and the threat was lifted.

2. Relations with the Western Regions:

(1) In BC 138, Zhang Qian went to the western regions and "hollowed out".

(2) In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions and established friendly relations.

(3) In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established its capital in the Western Regions. The western region belongs to the central government in form.

(4) The Silk Road was formed and there were frequent exchanges between China and the West.

3. With the Southern Nationalities:

(1) and Yue nationality: Qin unified the Yue nationality area and strengthened its rule;

(2) With the nationalities in the southwest: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up counties in the southwest.

The national wars in Qin and Han Dynasties were caused by the contradictions between different nationalities in a unified country. It has no nature of aggression or anti-aggression, but it is divided into right and wrong, justice and injustice. Xiongnu unified Mongolian grassland and contributed to its development. However, the Xiongnu nobles plundered the northern border counties of Qin and Han dynasties, threatening the advanced agricultural production mode and people's safety in the Central Plains. It is reasonable for Qin and Han Dynasties to fight back against Xiongnu.

4. External contact:

(1) and North Korea: During the Han Dynasty, there was a close relationship with the Korean Peninsula (the three countries) (Chen and Han were collectively called "Qin and Han Dynasties"). Cast steel and lacquer technology were introduced into North Korea;

(2) With Japan: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, there were contacts with more than 30 countries in Japan; Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the golden seal of "King Han Nu";

(3) Europe: In 97 AD, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In A.D. 166, the Andun Dynasty of Daqin sent envoys to China.

(4) The Silk Road.

The basic trend of the Silk Road was formed in the Han Dynasty around AD. It starts from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, or Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, passes through Longxi or Guyuan westbound to Jincheng (now Lanzhou), then passes through Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang counties in the Hexi Corridor, exits Yumenguan or Yangguan, and passes through Bailongdui to Loulan, Lop Nur. In the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions were divided into South Road and North Road, and the two roads diverged in Loulan. To the north, it passes through Quli (now Korla), Qiuci (now Kuqa) and Gu Mo (now Aksu) to Shule (now Kashgar). South Road starts from Shanshan (now Ruoqiang) and passes through Qiemo, Jingjue (now Minfeng Niya Site), Khotan (now Hotan), Pishan and shache to Shule. From Shule to the west, across Congling (now Pamir) to Dawan (now Fergana). From here, we can go west to Daxia (now Afghanistan), Sogdian (now Uzbekistan), Rest in Peace (now Iran), and as far as the plowshare of Daqin (the eastern part of the Roman Empire) (also known as Li Xuan, in Alexandria, Egypt). The other road runs from the southwest of Pishan, crossing the crossing (now Darier, Pakistan), passing through Cobin (now Kabul, Afghanistan) and Wuyishan (now Sistan), and heading southwest to Tiaozhi (now the head of Persian Gulf). If you go south from Bin to India (now Karachi, Pakistan), you can also reach Persia and Rome by sea. This is the basic trunk line of the Silk Road formed after Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In other words, the narrow Silk Road refers to the above-mentioned roads.

The Silk Road in history is not static. With the change of geographical environment and the evolution of political and religious situation, some new roads are constantly opened up, and some roads have changed or even been abandoned. For example, Bailongdui between Dunhuang and Lop Nur is a Ya Dan terrain, which often disorients travelers. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern Xiongnu on the Mongolian plateau was defeated and forced to move westward. After the Central Plains dynasty firmly occupied Yiwu (now Hami), it opened up a "new road to the north" from Dunhuang to Yiwu. From Yiwu via Gaochang (now Turpan) and Yanqi to Qiuci, it meets the former Silk Road North Road. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the north and the south of China were antagonistic, and the east and the west in the north were also harmonious. Under such circumstances, most of the exchanges between the Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty and the Western Regions were along the Yangtze River to Yizhou (now Chengdu), then to Longhe (now Songpan) in the north, passing through Tuguhun Capital on the shore of Qinghai Lake, passing through Qaidam Basin to Dunhuang in the west, and meeting with the main road of the Silk Road. Or cross the Altun Mountain Pass to the west, enter the Shanshan area of the Western Region, and meet with Silu South Road. This road is called "Tugu Hundao" or "Henan Road", and today people also call it "Qinghai Road". From the Central Plains or the north of Hexi Corridor to the Mongolian Plateau, then to the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in the west, across the Ili River to the broken leaves (near tokmak today), and into Central Asia. This road was later called "Beixin Road", which was very prosperous during the Mongol Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty.

Apart from the Silk Road on land, from the Han Dynasty, China people opened a waterway from Guangdong to India. After the Song Dynasty, with the further development of southern China and the shift of the economic center of gravity to the south, the sea routes from Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and other places became increasingly developed, going further and further, from Nanyang to the Arabian Sea and even as far as the east coast of Africa. People call these maritime trade routes "Maritime Silk Road".

Respondent: Manager Hiroshi Shangguan Level 4 1-7 13:5 1

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The historical points of Qin and Han dynasties can also be summarized as follows: the establishment and consolidation of a unified centralized feudal country led to the first "great unification" in China history; The feudal economy developed rapidly, and the level of agriculture and handicraft industry was in the forefront of the world. The formation of a multi-ethnic country with the Han nationality as the main body; Sino-foreign exchanges began to develop, and science and technology and culture established a leading position in the world.

First, establish and consolidate a unified centralized feudal country:

1. Historical conditions for Qin's unification of China: First of all, from the objective conditions, it is an inevitable trend of historical development since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to end the vassal regime and complete the unification of feudal countries; After years of war, the broad masses of people are eager to end the war and realize reunification; At that time, due to the improvement of productive forces and the development of social economy, the ties between various ethnic groups and localities were strengthened, providing the necessary material conditions and social foundation for reunification; During the Warring States period, the vassal states abolished the enfeoffment system, implemented the county system, and centralized the feudal hegemony partially, which provided a political basis for the feudal unification. Secondly, as far as subjective conditions are concerned, Qin has already possessed a unified strength: Qin reformed thoroughly and established a relatively stable image of a centralized feudal country; The emerging landlords in Qin are powerful, with rapid economic development and strong military combat effectiveness; Qin carried out correct strategies such as attacking far and attacking near; Qin Shihuang himself was brilliant.

2. The centralization of feudal monarchy was established and developed.

(1) Concept understanding: centralization, feudal autocratic monarch.

The autocratic centralization of feudal monarchy is the basic political system and political organization form of China feudal society, including patentism and centralization. Authoritarianism refers to the central decision-making mode, that is, the monarch has supreme power, arbitrary dictatorship, and controls all military power. Mainly reflected in the lifelong system and hereditary system of the throne; Centralization refers to the relationship between the central government and local governments, and local governments obey the central government. The emergence of autocratic centralization is the need to consolidate and unify the feudal country and maintain the feudal economic base. During the Warring States Period, Han Fei put forward the theory of centralization of absolutism.

(2) Establishment and development: After Qin Shihuang unified China, he established autocratic centralization through a series of economic and cultural measures, such as the establishment of the emperor system, the system of three officials in the central organs and the system of local counties and counties. Han inherited the Qin system, and Liu Bang inherited the autocratic centralization initiated by Qin Shihuang. By solving the problem of the kingdom, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further controlled the local political power, accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, advocated great unification, established the guiding ideology and theoretical basis of feudal monarchy absolutism, and strengthened the centralization of absolutism unprecedentedly. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, this system was further strengthened and finalized.

(3) The characteristics and influence of centralized feudal autocratic monarchy system: This system is based on feudal relations of production, meets the political and economic needs of the landlord class, is conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country, and is conducive to resisting foreign invasion and organizing the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. However, this system also has obvious disadvantages: the people are tightly controlled, the emperor's personal role has a great influence on the political situation, and it is easy to produce corruption and autocracy, especially in the late feudal society, its positive significance is decreasing and its disadvantages are increasing.

3. Peasant Uprising: During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a peasant uprising broke out in China. Chen Sheng, Guangwu Uprising and Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out one after another. The reasons for these uprisings are: first, heavy feudal corvee and serious land annexation; Secondly, brutal feudal rule; Third, political darkness. These three uprisings directly hit the feudal rule, forcing the feudal rule to make some adjustments to the feudal relations of production after the establishment of the new dynasty.

2. The rapid development of feudal economy in Qin and Han Dynasties:

Economically, the feudal economy of Qin and Han dynasties developed significantly.

The main reasons for economic development are:

(1) The unification of the country, including the unification of various systems, provided conditions for economic development: Qin Shihuang, for example, unified measurement, unified currency and unified railway tracks.

(2) The rulers implemented reasonable ruling policies and even the state directly stepped forward to create conditions for economic development. For example, in the early Western Han Dynasty, the policy of recuperation was implemented, and Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty took various measures to restore the economy and reduce exploitation and oppression. The rulers of Qin and Han dynasties used the power of the state to build water conservancy and harness the Yellow River, which laid a good foundation for agricultural development.

(3) The ruling class in Qin and Han dynasties paid attention to the adoption and popularization of advanced production technology. For example, Zhang Qian brought the sinking and cast iron technology from the Central Plains to the Western Regions, which greatly promoted the economic development of the Western Regions.

3. Ethnic relations and foreign relations in Qin and Han Dynasties;

The ethnic relations in the Qin and Han Dynasties have made new progress. During this period, the ways of ethnic contact were war, consanguinity, large-scale migration, courtship and the establishment of specialized institutions, which showed a diversified trend and led to the continuous strengthening of ethnic integration.

1. Relationship with Xiongnu:

(1) Qin: sent Meng Tian to seize the Hetao area and immigrate to produce; Build the Great Wall.

(2) Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu and Xiongnu fought three wars, defeated Xiongnu and settled the north. During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Zhaojun left the fortress, and Han and Hungary lived in harmony for more than 40 years, with close relations and mutual prosperity.

(3) Eastern Han Dynasty: Xiongnu was divided into two parts. Dou Gu and Dou Xian were defeated by Huns, and the threat was lifted.

2. Relations with the Western Regions:

(1) In BC 138, Zhang Qian went to the western regions and "hollowed out".

(2) In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions and established friendly relations.

(3) In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established its capital in the Western Regions. The western region belongs to the central government in form.

(4) The Silk Road was formed and there were frequent exchanges between China and the West.

3. With the Southern Nationalities:

(1) and Yue nationality: Qin unified the Yue nationality area and strengthened its rule;

(2) With the nationalities in the southwest: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up counties in the southwest.

The national wars in Qin and Han Dynasties were caused by the contradictions between different nationalities in a unified country. It has no nature of aggression or anti-aggression, but it is divided into right and wrong, justice and injustice. Xiongnu unified Mongolian grassland and contributed to its development. However, the Xiongnu nobles plundered the northern border counties of Qin and Han dynasties, threatening the advanced agricultural production mode and people's safety in the Central Plains. It is reasonable for Qin and Han Dynasties to fight back against Xiongnu.

4. External contact:

(1) and North Korea: During the Han Dynasty, there was a close relationship with the Korean Peninsula (the three countries) (Chen and Han were collectively called "Qin and Han Dynasties"). Cast steel and lacquer technology were introduced into North Korea;

(2) With Japan: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, there were contacts with more than 30 countries in Japan; Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the golden seal of "King Han Nu";

(3) Europe: In 97 AD, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In A.D. 166, the Andun Dynasty of Daqin sent envoys to China.

(4) The Silk Road.

The basic trend of the Silk Road was formed in the Han Dynasty around AD. It starts from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, or Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, passes through Longxi or Guyuan westbound to Jincheng (now Lanzhou), then passes through Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang counties in the Hexi Corridor, exits Yumenguan or Yangguan, and passes through Bailongdui to Loulan, Lop Nur. In the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions were divided into South Road and North Road, and the two roads diverged in Loulan. To the north, it passes through Quli (now Korla), Qiuci (now Kuqa) and Gu Mo (now Aksu) to Shule (now Kashgar). South Road starts from Shanshan (now Ruoqiang) and passes through Qiemo, Jingjue (now Minfeng Niya Site), Khotan (now Hotan), Pishan and shache to Shule. From Shule to the west, across Congling (now Pamir) to Dawan (now Fergana). From here, we can go west to Daxia (now Afghanistan), Sogdian (now Uzbekistan), Rest in Peace (now Iran), and as far as the plowshare in Daqin (the eastern part of the Roman Empire) (also known as Li Xuan, in Alexandria, Egypt). The other road runs from the southwest of Pishan, crossing the crossing (now Darier, Pakistan), passing through Cobin (now Kabul, Afghanistan) and Wuyishan (now Sistan), and heading southwest to Tiaozhi (now the head of Persian Gulf). If you go south from Bin to India (now Karachi, Pakistan), you can also reach Persia and Rome by sea. This is the basic trunk line of the Silk Road formed after Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In other words, the narrow Silk Road refers to the above-mentioned roads.

The Silk Road in history is not static. With the change of geographical environment and the evolution of political and religious situation, some new roads are constantly opened up, and some roads have changed or even been abandoned. For example, Bailongdui between Dunhuang and Lop Nur is a Ya Dan terrain, which often disorients travelers. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern Xiongnu on the Mongolian plateau was defeated and forced to move westward. After the Central Plains dynasty firmly occupied Yiwu (now Hami), it opened up a "new road to the north" from Dunhuang to Yiwu. From Yiwu via Gaochang (now Turpan) and Yanqi to Qiuci, it meets the former Silk Road North Road. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the north and the south of China were antagonistic, and the east and the west in the north were also harmonious. Under such circumstances, most of the exchanges between the Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty and the Western Regions were along the Yangtze River to Yizhou (now Chengdu), then to Longhe (now Songpan) in the north, passing through Tuguhun Capital on the shore of Qinghai Lake, passing through Qaidam Basin to Dunhuang in the west, and meeting with the main road of the Silk Road. Or cross the Altun Mountain Pass to the west, enter the Shanshan area of the Western Region, and meet with Silu South Road. This road is called "Tugu Hundao" or "Henan Road", and today people also call it "Qinghai Road". From the Central Plains or the north of Hexi Corridor to the Mongolian Plateau, then to the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in the west, across the Ili River to the broken leaves (near tokmak today), and into Central Asia. This road was later called "Beixin Road", which was very prosperous during the Mongol Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty.

Apart from the Silk Road on land, from the Han Dynasty, China people opened a waterway from Guangdong to India. After the Song Dynasty, with the further development of southern China and the shift of the economic center of gravity to the south, the sea routes from Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and other places became increasingly developed, going further and further, from Nanyang to the Arabian Sea and even as far as the east coast of Africa. People call these maritime trade routes "Maritime Silk Road".