What is gardening in western Asia?

Western Asia horticulture is actually the Western Asia system in the world horticultural system.

With regard to the world gardening system, 1954 At the 4th Congress of the International Federation of Landscape Architects held in Vienna, the British gardener Jerrick divided the world gardening system into China system, West Asia system and European system in his speech.

Porcelain system: elegant and exquisite.

The ancient gardening activities in China began 3000 years ago. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions during the Yin and Shang Dynasties, some garden words appeared, such as, park, yuan, yuan, etc., which have been used ever since. However, with a little analysis, we can see that the Oracle Bone Inscriptions meaning of these words is different from the modern meaning.

At the end of Shang dynasty, emperors and slave owners began to raise animals and plants, which were purely places for them to hunt and enjoy. Such a place is called "moo". The Book of Songs says, "Oh, so the territory keeps animals." There are many records of "hunting in Tanaka" in Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins. It can be seen that the emperors and nobles of the Yin Dynasty liked hunting. Hunting in the field, thousands of troops and horses inevitably trampled on crops, causing public outrage, so the emperor and nobles began to build fences. Generally, it is surrounded by natural mountains and valleys, and the scope is very large. The emperor's Fiona Fang is a hundred miles away, and the vassal's Fiona Fang is forty miles away.

1 1 century BC, Yin perished in the Zhou Dynasty, and the largest slavery kingdom in the history of China was established. At the same time, an unprecedented large-scale urban and imperial home forest construction began. Zhou Wenwang once built a large-scale "Yue Ling" in the west of today's Xi City, 70 miles away from Fiona Fang. The Book of Songs has a specific description: "Wang Zailing? Deer crouch. ? The deer is dying, and so is Bai Niao. Wang is in Lingnuma, and he jumps in. " Visible in the middle? Animals such as deer, Bai Niao and jumping fish have become objects of appreciation. After King Wen, the size of the trap became a symbol of the political status of feudal rulers. Academics believe that "Xi" is the original form of China gardens. During the Qin and Han dynasties, with the development and improvement of social productive forces, the production function of Xi gradually faded, and the ornamental and entertainment functions became the main uses.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the place dedicated to the emperor's entertainment had the name of "Garden". In ancient times, the meaning of "garden" and "cave" was the same, both referring to places where animals were raised and used for hunting. From the Qin Dynasty to the last dynasty, the imperial gardens in Qing Dynasty were still called "Guo Chao Gardens". In history, gardens are generally classified as royal gardens, while "gardens" are classified as private gardens of literati and bureaucrats. Tong Man wrote in the Annals of Gardens in the South of the Yangtze River: Although the layout of a garden (garden) changes endlessly, its simplest needs are all contained in the word "garden". Today, the word "garden" illustrates that "mouth" is also a fence. The "earth" is shaped like a house plane and can represent the exhibition hall. The word "Xi" is centered on the pool. Clothes are like stones and trees in front. How wonderful ancient Chinese characters are! Several elements of building a garden, such as mountains, water, buildings and flowers, are all contained in one word. The word "garden" can be interpreted from many private gardens.

Private gardens first appeared in the Han Dynasty. "Miscellanies of Xijing" records that Liu Wu, the fourth son of Emperor Wendi of the Western Han Dynasty, loved the pleasure of gardens and built gardens in his fief. Among them, the "rabbit garden" is surrounded by mountains and waters, connected with palaces and temples, with exotic fruits and trees, birds, animals and ghosts. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi was developed and the recluse culture prevailed. Scholars love love the water Mountain, competing to make gardens for their own amusement, and private gardens flourished for a while. A large number of private gardens appeared in Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which became the climax of China's first private gardening. At that time, although the garden had basically possessed landscape, pavilions, flowers and trees and other gardening elements, the garden was not only a place for sightseeing, but also a means to compete for wealth, and the gardening art was still in an extensive stage. Shichong Jingu Garden in the Western Jin Dynasty is a famous private garden in history. The Tang Dynasty was the era with the highest national strength in the history of our country, and the development of gardens reached a new height, keeping pace with the culture and art at that time. The garden has created a poetic, picturesque, quiet and simple natural landscape. Famous poets and painters, Wang Wei and Wang Chuan, are typical of that era and have a far-reaching influence on later generations. In Song Dynasty, Hui Zong built the largest artificial rockery in China history-Genyue in Bianjing. Because the Song Dynasty valued literature over martial arts, most officials were literati, and private gardening was further literati, which promoted the rise of "literati gardens", especially the development of Jiangnan gardens, and basically formed its own unique style. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of gardens was sublimated from the heyday of the Song Dynasty to the mature stage full of creativity. In particular, the garden art in the south of the Yangtze River has reached a state of elegance, exquisiteness and perfection, and a large number of typical gardens have emerged, such as the Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and other royal gardens, as well as private gardens such as Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Harmony Garden, Geyuan Garden, Exhibition Garden, Jichang Garden and Yuyuan Garden. So far, they are well preserved all over the country.

West Asia system: plants and water law

West Asia system mainly refers to the gardens of Babylon, Egypt and ancient Persia. They use square planning, neat planting, regular canals and strict garden style. Later, this technology was inherited by Arabs and became the main tradition of Islamic gardens.

According to Professor Tong Mao's research, the history of gardening in West Asia can be traced back to BC, and the "paradise of heaven" (Eden) referred to in the Christian Bible is located in Damascus, the capital of Syria. On the banks of the Euphrates River in Iraq, there were gardens as early as 3500 BC. The legendary Hanging Garden, built in the 7th century BC, is the first garden in history and is listed as one of the seven wonders of the world.

According to legend, King Nebuchadnezzar II, in order to win the favor of his beloved princess, ordered numerous huge columns to be erected in his palace and a garden to be built on them. Not only all kinds of flowers were planted, but also many trees were planted, which looked like a garden hanging in the air from a distance. The pillars supporting the garden, 75 feet high, need water for watering flowers and trees, sneaking around in the pillars, and the slaves of the water system pump water from the Euphrates River by hand. Hanging gardens are towering into the sky, covered with shade, and famous flowers are everywhere. Not far from the Hanging Garden, there is a towering tower made of huge stones, with a height of ***7 and a height of 650 feet. There are also exotic flowers and herbs on it. At first glance, it is higher than the pyramids of Egypt. According to textual research, this is the "Babel" in the Bible. The Hanging Gardens and the Tower of Babel, although long gone, are still fascinating.

As the earliest source of western culture, Egypt had a pyramid cemetery as early as 3700 BC. At that time, gardening in the Nile valley was very developed. The arboretum, vineyard and vegetable garden with practical significance evolved into private gardens enjoyed by Egyptian dignitaries in the 6th century BC/KLOC-0. Relatively wealthy families also have private gardens at home. Some private gardens have mountains and waters, and their designs are quite exquisite. Although poor people have no gardens, they also decorate their houses with flowers and trees.

Gardening activities in ancient Persia gradually evolved from hunting animals to amusement parks. Persia is the place with the earliest development of famous flowers and plants in the world, and later spread to all parts of the world. In the fifth century BC, there was a garden in Persia that separated nature from man-made-paradise garden, surrounded by walls and planted with flowers and trees. In this arid area of West Asia, water has always been the life of gardens. Therefore, in all Arab regions, the love and admiration for water has reached a deified level, and it has also been applied to gardening. In the 8th century A.D., in the Arab Empire era after West Asia was conquered by Muslims, they inherited the Persian garden art, which made a new development. In the plane layout, the garden will be built into a "field", divided into four areas by vertical and horizontal axes, and a central pool will be set at the intersection of the intersecting avenues, taking water as the soul of the garden to make it play its role as much as possible. The specific usage is dribs and drabs, accumulated in the basin, and then extended to the roots of each plant through tunnels or open ditches. This gardening water method was later spread to Italy, and even evolved to the point of magic. Every garden has the full expression of water law and has become an indispensable ornament of European gardens.

European system: orderly rules

In the development and evolution, the European system absorbed more West Asian styles, borrowed from each other and infiltrated each other, and finally formed its own "regular and orderly" garden art characteristics.

In Pompeii, Italy in the 7th century BC, every family had a garden, which was in the center of the living room, not on the side of the living room, the so-called "colonnade garden", and some families had fruit and vegetable gardens in their backyard. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek philosopher Epicurus built a garden in Athens, which was the earliest literati garden in history. In the 5th century AD, the Greeks learned the gardening art of West Asia through Persia, and developed it into a colonnade garden with regular layout in the house, which linked the two gardening systems of Europe and West Asia.

In the 6th century AD, Greek immigrants from Spain brought gardening art there. The Spanish absorbed the tradition of Muslim gardens and inherited the styles of Baghdad and Damascus. Later, they followed the gardening art of Holland, Britain and France, and merged with the Renaissance style to transform it into Baroque style. Spanish garden art has influenced Mexico and America. Ancient Rome inherited the regular courtyard art of Greece and combined it with the amusement gardens in West Asia to develop into a large villa garden. In the 2nd century AD, Hadrian the Great built a villa in the eastern suburb of Rome, covering an area of 18 square kilometers. It consists of a series of pavilions and courtyards and is called "Little Rome". Manor became a model of formal gardens in Europe after the Renaissance. Its most striking feature is that the main building stands in the most important position in the garden, and the axis of the building is also the axis of the garden scenery; The roads, canals, flowers and trees in the garden are arranged in an orderly manner according to people's intentions, showing a strong rational color.

Gardens in several other important European countries have basically inherited the Italian style, but they all have their own characteristics.

The French invaded Italy from Charles VIII at the end of 15 and brought it back to the gardener. It successfully introduced Renaissance culture, including gardening art, into France, and successively built Fontainebleau Palace Garden in the southern suburbs of Paris and Luxemburg Palace Garden in Paris. Louis XIV began to operate the Palace of Versailles in the southwest of Paris in 166 1, which was completed by Wang. It lasted for a hundred years and covered an area of 1500 hectares. It is the largest palace garden in the world.

Before the 5th century A.D., as a vassal country of the Roman Empire, Britain's budding gardens could not be separated from the Roman way. I first saw the English monastery garden in the12nd century, and it evolved into a decorative garden in the13rd century, and then the aristocratic private garden appeared. During the Renaissance, English gardens still imitated Italian style, but the gorgeous and rigorous layout of its statue fountains was soon diluted by the simple style of Gu Zhuo. /kloc-The Hampton Palace in the 0/6th century was an Italian medieval sentiment. /kloc-decorated with Renaissance in the 0/7th century, and changed to Dutch greening in the 0/8th century. /kloc-After the mid-8th century, China's gardening art was introduced from Britain, tending to the natural style, and a garden with a transition from regular to natural style appeared, which was called "Huaying Garden" by western gardening circles. After that, this "Huaying Garden" spread to Hungary, Russia and Sweden through Germany, and lasted until the 1930s of 19.

By the way, American gardens are also mentioned here. From the beginning of17th century, British immigrants came to the New World and brought the British gardening style to the American continent. After the independence of the United States, it gradually developed into a landscape architecture system with local characteristics: "landscape architecture". As a profession, landscape architecture has a far-reaching influence in the United States, which makes the specialty of "landscape architecture" in the United States in a leading position in the world today.